The production-transportation problem (PTP) is a generalization of the transportation problem. In PTP, we decide not only the level of shipment from each source to each sink but also the level of supply at each source. A concave production cost function is associated with the assignment of supplies to sources. Thus the objective function of PTP is the sum of the linear transportation costs and ...

BACKGROUND Implementing community water fluoridation involves costs, but these need to be considered against the likely benefits. We aimed to assess the cost-benefit and cost-effectiveness of water fluoridation in New Zealand (NZ) in terms of expenditure and quality-adjusted life years. METHODS Based on published studies, we determined the risk reduction effects of fluoridation, we quantified...

Introduction Reports of bedding shortages in the poultry industry and escalating costs can be traced back more than 60 years. This situation has often occurred in the more concentrated broiler producing areas such as the Delmarva Peninsula and the Shenandoah Valley. With rising production capacity over the years the demand for bedding by poultry industry increased. At the same time there have b...

One of the challenges to maintain an agenda for universal coverage and equitable health system is to develop effective structuring and management of health financing. Global experiences with different systems of health financing suggests that a strong public role in health financing is essential for health systems to protect the poor and health systems with the strongest state role are likely t...

Objectives. To (1) identify the major expenses for same-day adenotonsillectomy (T&A) and the costs for postoperative complication encounters in a children’s hospital and (2) compare differences for variations in costs by surgeon. Study Design. Observational cohort study. Setting. Tertiary children’s hospital. Subjects and Methods. A standardized activity-based hospital accounting system was use...

BACKGROUND Fluoridation of public water supplies remains the key potential strategy for prevention of dental caries. The water supplies of many remote Indigenous communities do not contain adequate levels of natural fluoride. The small and dispersed nature of communities presents challenges for the provision of fluoridation infrastructure and until recently smaller settlements were considered u...

Desalination systems driven by renewable energies are limited, and they usually have a limited capacity. They only represent about 0.02% of total desalination capacity. However, many reasons make the use of renewable energies suitable for brackish and seawater desalination. In addition to shortage of fresh water resources, Jordan is suffering from shortages in recoverable commercial energy sour...

Objective: To explore the financial cost of type 1 diabetic (T1D) children and adolescents during inpatient management for various reasons.
 
 Method: Ten years electronic hospital records (2009-2018) pediatric ward were screened retrospectively hospitalizations with a confirmed diagnose T1D analyzed. Costs are grouped as laboratory tests, clinical interventions, drugs, medical suppli...