www.frontiersinecology.org © The Ecological Society of America H have been transforming the environment to support production and cultural functions for thousands of years, yet until recently, most ecologists had not been involved in the design of these intensively managed landscapes. The publication of Ian McHarg’s Design with nature in 1969 challenged landscape designers to provide an ecologi...

the distinguishing characteristic in the third millennium is planning based on principles of sustainable development in line with nature and all activities related to urban issues. ecological concepts and consequently ecological park refers to a comprehensive and integrated set of measures which create coordination, balance between the constituent elements of the park in order to establish sust...

Mark Francis, FASLA is professor of landscape architecture at the University of California, Davis. Trained in landscape architecture and urban design at Berkeley and Harvard, his work has focused on the use and meaning of the built and natural landscape. Much of this research has utilized a case study approach. He developed the case study method for the Landscape Architecture Foundation and ser...

Ecologic (aggregate) data are widely available and widely utilized in epidemiologic studies. However, ecologic bias, which arises because aggregate data cannot characterize within-group variability in exposure and confounder variables, can only be removed by supplementing ecologic data with individual-level data. Here the authors describe the two-phase study design as a framework for achieving ...

The assessment of long-term effects of air pollution in humans relies on epidemiologic studies. A widely used design consists of cross-sectional or cohort studies in which ecologic assignment of exposure, based on a fixed-site ambient monitor, is employed. Although health outcome and usually a large number of covariates are measured in individuals, these studies are often called ecological. We ...

Ecologic (aggregate) data are widely available and widely utilized in epidemiologic studies. However, ecologic bias, which arises because aggregate data cannot characterize within-group variability in exposure and confounder variables, can only be removed by supplementing ecologic data with individual-level data. Here the authors describe the two-phase study design as a framework for achieving ...

—This paper proposes the implementation of a 3D virtual library, using open platforms such as OpenSimulator and Sloodle, applied to the integration of virtual learning environments. It also proposes their application to the creation of open libraries to share and disseminate the new dynamic nature of knowledge, in the understanding that 3D virtual worlds may contribute to the future of librarie...

This study examined the larval breeding habitat of a major South American malaria vector, Anopheles darlingi, in areas with varying degrees of ecologic alteration in the Peruvian Amazon. Water bodies were repeatedly sampled across 112 km of transects along the Iquitos-Nauta road in ecologically varied areas. Field data and satellite imagery were used to determine the landscape composition surro...

BACKGROUND As ecologic studies are often inexpensive to conduct, consideration of the magnitude and direction of ecologic biases may be useful in both study design and sensitivity analysis of results. This paper examines three types of ecologic bias: confounding by group, effect measure modification by group, and non-differential exposure misclassification. METHODS Bias of the risk difference...

The move to ecological sustainable development requires new principles, technology, tools and changes to the process of planning and design. This paper argues that there are emerging pathways that can be developed to meet the goal of ecological sustainable development. The pathways are informing the social, cultural and political milieu in which designers’ work and present new opportunities for...