Estrogens are female sex hormones, belonging to a group of steroid hormones, derivatives of cholesterol. These hormones can be divided in terms of origin: natural and synthetic. Biologically, the most active is estradiol (E2). Estrogens are responsible for the development of tertiary sexual characteristics and a number of metabolic processes. In our environment there are many substances, metals...

Abstract In recent years, the biology of evolutionary origin phytohormone signaling has made significant progress. Among them, ligand-receptor co-evolution found in jasmonate attracted attention plant scientists. Dinor- cis- 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (dn- cis -OPDA, 4 ) and dn- iso- OPDA ( 5 are ancestral hormones bryophyte Marchantia polymorpha L. We succeeded first practical synthetic supply t...

A rapid, high-pressure liquid-solid chromatographic technique was developed for the separation, detection and analysis of ecdysteroids. The advantages in using this system for the identification of ecdysteroids in combination with NMR and mass spectrometry and its potential application in analyzing material from biological and synthetic,systems are presented. INTRODUCTION Although the molting h...

Their well-developed chemical communication systems make rodents popular in research that aims to understand the connections between genes, hormones and behaviour. Structural identification of several pheromones in mice, rats and hamsters now makes it feasible to employ their synthetic analogues in probing olfactory neurons and in the study of various pheromone-protein interactions in intimate ...

Peptide synthesis can be used for elucidating the roles of secondary structures in the specificity of hormones, antigens, and toxins. Intermediate sized peptides with these activities assume amphiphilic secondary structures in the presence of membranes. When models are designed to optimize the amphiphilicity of the secondary structure, stronger interactions can be observed with the synthetic pe...

Steroid hormones reduced in ring-A are devoid of hormonal activity. In metabolic experiments we found that human fecal flora reduced the delta 4-3-keto structure of natural progestins to 3 alpha-hydroxy, 5 beta-steroid metabolites (3 alpha,5 beta) and of synthetic progestins to a mixture of 3 alpha,5 beta and 3 beta,5 beta compounds. 3 alpha,5 beta-Reductase was synthesized by Clostridium parap...