The tails of extant crocodilians are anatomically the closest approximation of the tails of non-avian dinosaurs, and therefore a good starting point for any reconstruction of non-avian dinosaur tail muscles. However, we here demonstrate some methodological problems using crocodile tails, firstly regarding the general reconstruction of tail mobility from osteology, secondly for the reconstructio...

Let X and Y be two independent nonnegative random variables, of which X has a distribution belonging to the class L(γ ) or S(γ ) for some γ ≥ 0 and Y is unbounded. We study how their product XY inherits the tail behavior of X. Under some mild technical assumptions we prove that the distribution of XY belongs to the class L(0) or S(0) accordingly. Hence, the multiplier Y builds a bridge between ...

Dynamic octopus amphiphiles contain one charged "head," here a guanidinium cation, together several hydrophobic "tails" (or "tentacles") that can be attached and exchanged in situ by reversible hydrazone formation. Quite surprisingly, their ability to activate DNA as transporters in lipid bilayer membranes was found to increase with the number of tails (up to four) as well as with their length ...

We describe a new mesoscopic model of oligonucleosomes that incorporates flexible histone tails. The nucleosome cores are modeled using the discrete surface-charge optimization model, which treats the nucleosome as an electrostatic surface represented by hundreds of point charges; the linker DNAs are treated using a discrete elastic chain model; and the histone tails are modeled using a bead/ch...

One hundred and twenty pigs were used to evaluate the effects of housing indoors on concrete slats or outside in dirt lots on tail biting, weight gains, behavior and immune function for pigs with intact tails or with tails docked. Pig performance was largely not influenced by treatments, even when cannibalism was found. When pigs began biting tails in particular pens, many pigs’ tails were not ...

AIM The human tail is a term to describe skin-covered protrusions in the lumbosacral and coccygeal region, ascribing to the resemblance to the tails in the animals. The first reports dates back to second half of the 19th century, the etiological bases could not been ascertained yet. They are mainly classified as true or pseudo-tails. MATERIAL AND METHODS Five cases with human tails were diagn...