one of the topics that today has attracted attention of civil proceeding lawyers is a contractual approach to the commencement of litigation. in this approach, the litigants may by mutual agreement refer their case to a specific branch of court. in this paper, we discuss the commencement of civil proceedings by the agreement of litigants and how far it is possible for the parties to select the ...

one of the issues that has gained a good place in considerations of the office of the prosecution and international criminal court is the gravity threshold set out in paragraph 1(d) of article 17 of statute. this concept from the time of being inserted in statute has some challenges such as lack of definition in statute, lack of criterion for satisfaction of this concept. given to the fact that...

Supreme Court Justices' uniform professional backgrounds have drawn increasing criticism. Yet it is unclear how diverse professional training would affect the Court's decisions. This Article offers the first empirical analysis of how Justices with diverse professional training vote: It examines a unique period when Justices with formal legal education sat with Justices who entered the professio...

on 26 february 2007, the international court of justice issued it's judgment on the application of the convention on the prevention and punishment of the crime of genocide (bosnia and herzegovina v.serbia and montenegro). the court finds that serbia has not committed genocide, through its organs or persons whose acts engage its responsibility under customary international law, in violation...

justice is the main principal of a court. in fact, the court, where is supposed to get somebody’s right, should be treated fairly. therefore, the space of a court should be also designed based on justice. that is, spaces should be designed in a way to give users the best performance and psychological responses. this study has a qualitative process and descriptive aim in the past with the presen...

future invocation of evidences that their truth have been investigated in the previous case can be useful or necessary. it is especially important when secondary presentation of evidences has been impossible or difficult. in this article we are trying to know what must the court do against evidences that were considered in another proceedings. it must study if the court have to accept evaluatio...

Not too many years ago, scholars could reasonably speak of the U.S. Supreme Court as being among the most activist in American history. Both empirical and normative scholarship was driven by the sense of a Court that was aggressive in the assertion of its own supremacy and active in the exercise of the power of judicial review. The Court under Chief Justice John Roberts cannot be viewed in the ...

the safavid dynasty was the first iranian centralized administration, which chose shia’a branch of islam as the official religion and the judicial system for iran. in safavi period the state officially established two separate and distinct court system. first the state courts (the urf courts) under the supervision of the secular minister of justice (divan-begi) and the secondly the islamic cour...