all schools of islamic jurisprudence regard abortion as wrong and forbidden and allow abortion only before the stage of ensoulment, if the continuation of pregnancy would endanger the mother's life or put her into intolerable difficulties. in this article we describe and assess the viewpoint of shiite jurisprudence toward abortion. using a selected collection of related references, and discussi...

shiite murji’ah is a movement in the second century of kufah. having distinguished themselves from official shiites after the rise of some political-social events in kufah and basically as a way of solving the troubles before shiite community, they adopted an idea concerning imamat –which is the most central foundation of shiite thought- which was a kind of retreatment from this foundation. tho...

Abortion is forbidden under normal circumstances by nearly all the major world religions. Traditionally, abortion was not deemed permissible by Muslim scholars. Shiite scholars considered it forbidden after implantation of the fertilised ovum. However, Sunni scholars have held various opinions on the matter, but all agreed that after 4 months gestation abortion was not permitted. In addition, c...

BACKGROUND In February, 2007, the Associated Press (AP) conducted a poll of 1,002 adults in the United States about their attitudes towards the war in Iraq. Respondents were remarkably accurate estimating the current death toll of US soldiers, yet were grossly inaccurate in estimating the current death toll of Iraqi civilians. We conducted a search of newspapers reports to determine the extent ...

To what extent have Iraqi engineering research emphases changed over the past fifteen years or so? Exploration of Iraqi publication patterns shows a dramatic rise in activity through 1990, followed by a precipitous decline through early 2003. Iraqi engineering research emphases include chemistry and chemical engineering, information technology, applied math and simulation, applied physics, and ...

While the advantages of production sharing agreements (PSAs) for multinational oil companies are clear, there is a severe shortage of independent analysis of whether PSAs are in the short-, mediumand long-term interests of the Iraqi people. Unfortunately, the Iraqi people have not been informed of the pro-PSA oil development plans, let alone their implications, which have transformed so seamles...

here the writer wants to analyze the inner reasons of iraq in attacking iran considering structural approach. the writer has chosen this approach because of the tools it provides for him to inspect the atmosphere in which iraqi government and the ruling baath party decided to attack iran. this essay has also studied the mutual relationships between iraqi government and baath party, normative st...

to win a war, it is necessary to liberate a certain strategic areas of the enemy or to destruct their forces completely. halting the iraqi army prevented them from achieving their goals, however, it didn't mean as a military defeat for them, especially that iraq had an important part of the iranian areas and border towns in his occupation and was able to put iran under pressure to gain a c...