The variability of the hydroclimate over mainland Southeast Asia is strongly influenced by the El Niño– Southern Oscillation (ENSO), which has been linked to severe droughts and floods that profoundly influence human societies and ecosystems alike. Although the significance of ENSO is well understood, there are still limitations in the understanding of its effects on hydroclimate, particularly ...

Surface observations and subsurface ocean assimilation datasets are examined to contrast two distinct types of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in the tropical Pacific: an eastern-Pacific (EP) type and a central-Pacific (CP) type. An analysis method combining empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis and linear regression is used to separate these two types. Correlation and composite anal...

Abstract. Paleoclimate archives, such as high-resolution ice core records, provide a means to investigate past climate variability. Until recently, the Law Dome (Dome Summit South site) record remained one of few millennial-length coastal records in East Antarctica. A new drilled 2017/2018 at Mount Brown South, approximately 1000 km west Dome, provides an additional that will likely span last m...

It is vital to understand how the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) has responded to past changes in natural and anthropogenic forcings, in order to better understand and predict its response to future greenhouse warming. To date, however, the instrumental record is too brief to fully characterize natural ENSO variability, while large discrepancies exist amongst paleo-proxy reconstructions of...

The El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) drives large changes in global climate patterns from year to year, yet its sensitivity to continued anthropogenic greenhouse forcing is uncertain. We analyzed fossil coral reconstructions of ENSO spanning the past 7000 years from the Northern Line Islands, located in the center of action for ENSO. The corals document highly variable ENSO activity, with no...

Low precipitation enhances transmission of influenza viruses, which cause seasonal epidemics during the winter in northern and southern hemispheres. El Niño southern oscillation (ENSO) which modulates global precipitation is a multicomponent signal that is composed of sub-annual to multi-decadal oscillations. The dynamics of oscillatory components of ENSO and influenza are characterized, and ca...

Beginning from the hypothesis by Bjerknes [1969] that oceanatmosphere interaction was essential to the E1 Nifio-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon, the Tropical Ocean-Global Atmosphere (TOGA) decade has not only confirmed this but has supplied detailed theory for mechanisms setting the underlying period and possible mechanisms responsible for the irregularity of ENSO. Essentials of the theo...

Water level monitoring is important for understanding the global hydrological cycle. Remotely-sensed indices that capture localized instantaneous responses have been extensively explored for water level reconstruction during the past two decades. However, the potential usage of the Palmer’s Drought Severity Index (PDSI) and El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) indices for water level reconstruct...

Global average ocean temperature variations to 2,000 m depth during 1955-2011 are simulated with a 40 layer 1D forcingfeedback-mixing model for three forcing cases. The first case uses standard anthropogenic and volcanic external radiative forcings. The second adds non-radiative internal forcing (ocean mixing changes initiated in the top 200 m) proportional to the Multivariate ENSO Index (MEI) ...

It has been recently postulated that the irregular dynamics of El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) may embed a low order chaotic process. If true, some aspects of the ENSO variability are predictable. Here, from observations of the annual average Sea Surface Temperature (SST) of the tropical Pacific Ocean (1949-1981) and using an evolutionary genetic analysis, we characterise the chaotic nature...