Infectious diseases of poverty, also labeled tropical diseases or neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) and caused by pathogenic agents (viruses, bacteria, fungi, and other parasites), are viciously more prevalent among poor people. Though being preventable for the most part in a cost-effective way, they are devastating. These are, to name a few, Chagas disease, schistosomiasis, malaria, leprosy, ...

some literary texts seem being created on the threshold of two different movements, since they reflect the features of them both. some literary features are also common in two different literary movements and they can even be seen in the works belong to two different eras. the novel “asfār-e-kātebān” (books of scribers) is among the works which have lots of techniques and measures which are the...

The dominant position in Philosophy of Science contends that downward causation is an illusion. Instead, we argue that downward causation doesn't introduce vicious circles either in physics or in biology. We also question the metaphysical claim that "physical facts fix all the facts." Downward causation does not imply any contradiction if we reject the assumption of the completeness and the cau...

The expansion of welfare-state arrangements is seen as the result of dynamic interaction between market behaviour and political behaviour, often with considerable time lags, sometimes generating either virtuous or vicious circles. Such interaction may also involve induced (endogenous) changes in social norms and political preferences. Moreover, the internationalisation process not only limits t...

We introduce a hypergraph-based process calculus with a generic type system. That is, a type system checking an invariant property of processes can be generated by instantiating the original type system. We demonstrate the key ideas behind the type system, namely that there exists a hypergraph morphism from each process graph into its type, and show how it can be used for the analysis of proces...

By focusing on the deviation-counteracting aspect of the mutual causal relationships however, the cyberneticians paid less attention to the systems in which the mutual causal effects are deviation-amplifying. Such systems are ubiquitous: accumulation of capital in industry, evolution of living organisms, the rise of cultures of various types, interpersonal processes which produce menial illness...