nozzle and sediment determ ines the rate of scour . Under fully turbulent conditions, the re la~ive dimensions of the sccur hole d (:pend onl y upon the t ime pa rame ter and the ratio between the fictitious axial jer velocity a t the bed and the fa ll ve locity of the sediment particles. There exist two distinct values of this ratio, at which the eroding action of the jet becomes particularly ...

The near-field structure of strongly buoyant jet issuing from a square nozzle at low Froude and Reynolds numbers is studied by using three-dimensional LIF flow visualization and scanning PIV. These experimental techniques allow the visualization of unsteady three-dimensional flow phenomenon occurring in the near-field of strongly buoyant jet. It is found that the buoyant jet is unstable to the ...

A conventional, axial‐flow, air‐blast orchard sprayer was used to make applications to the outside row of a semi‐dwarf apple block. Fluorescent tracer was applied at the same rate using either disc‐core nozzle sets or air‐induction nozzles fitted with flat‐fan tips. The experiment included measuring the percent area of spray coverage on leaves after three variations in spray application method....

Research on the use of high pressure water jet systems to date has mainly concentrated on laboratory simulation tests and field trials on the surface. The effects of field stress have only been simulated, therefore, by sample confinement in triaxial chambers. This paper contrasts such results with data obtained from a test site located 1000 ft below the surface in a stressed barrier pillar. Dat...

0045-7930/$ see front matter 2009 Elsevier Ltd. A doi:10.1016/j.compfluid.2009.10.006 * Corresponding author. Tel./fax: +1 949 824 1750. E-mail address: [email protected] (F. Liu). The vortex dominated flows in the near field of jets from notched circular nozzles are investigated using direct numerical simulation. The nozzles studied include a normal circular nozzle, a V-shaped notched nozzle, and a...

C i c ^ A one-dimensional theory based upon fundamental flow relationships ^ is presented for analyzing the behavior of one or more gas streams flowing MM through a single nozzle. This conpound-coropressible flow theory shows that f^ the behavior of each stream is influenced by the presence of the other ^^ streams. The theory also shows that the behavior of coiTpound--coiTpressible flow is pred...

In a continuing effort to study the mixing enhancement by large-scale streamwise vortices generated by a lobed nozzle, a high-resolution stereoscopic particle image velocimetry ~PIV! system was used in the present study to conduct three-dimensional measurements of air jet flows exhausted from a lobed nozzle and a conventional circular nozzle. The three-dimensional instantaneous and ensemble-ave...

During the steel continuous casting, submerged entry nozzle (SEN) plays a crucial role in fluid characteristic of steel, which further affects slab quality. In this paper, model is developed to study influences inclination, area ratio, and side hole aspect ratio on steel. The results show that when angle increased from 10° 20°, impact points narrow surface were 0.402 m, 0.476 0.554 m away menis...