This study evaluated, in vitro, the loss of tooth substance after cavity preparation for direct and indirect restorations and its relationship with fracture strength of the prepared teeth. Sixty sound human maxillary first premolars were assigned to 6 groups (n=10). MOD direct composite cavities (Groups I, II and III) and indirect inlay cavities (Groups IV, V and VI) were prepared maintaining s...

Tooth Anatomy: Teeth are roughly broken up into three layers: enamel, dentin, and pulp. The innermost layer is the endodontic system (root canal or pulp). It contains the nerves, blood vessels, and connective tissue which supply and nourish the tooth during life. The blood and nervous supply enters the tooth through the very bottom or apex of the root. The outer layer of the tooth crown is enam...

Restoration of endodontically treated teeth is one the major challenges faced in field operative dentistry. In tooth, most part tooth structure lost because dental caries, conventional access cavity preparation and biomechanical during root canal therapy. They become very weak brittle also more prone to fracture compared vital

The restoration of endodontic tooth is always a challenge for the clinician, not only due to excessive loss of tooth structure but also invasion of the biological width due to large decayed lesions. In this paper, the 7 most common clinical scenarios in molars with class II lesions ever deeper were examined. This includes both the type of restoration (direct or indirect) and the management of t...

Teeth may require further management following root canal treatment because of persisting or new apical pathosis. Management must be based on the diagnosis of the presenting condition and the history of the previous treatment, particularly in relation to when it was completed. Most root-filled teeth with periapical pathosis should be re-treated in the first instance via a conventional orthograd...

The purpose of this study was to evaluate cuspal flexure in posterior primary teeth following restoration with three different materials. Twelve primary second molars were obtained. A precision strain gage was attached to the buccal surface of each tooth and balanced at zero. The teeth were mounted and then loaded with a 10 kg force; the strain appearing on the strain gage indicator was recorde...

the existing studies of threshing process of combine harvesters adopt the assumption of constant mass, which is contradictory to the phenomenon of separation of grains and short stalks in actual threshing process. therefore, the characteristics of threshing and separation are not accurately described. aiming at this problem, this study established the tangential-longitudinal threshing and separ...