Design process is a key process in forming of product’s cost and if we notify to total design we will see all of the effective parameters in design activities. Design process is contented design planning, design inputs, design outputs, design review, design verification, design validation and design changes. This approach will help us to identify the cost parameters for managing, controlling an...

critical path method (cpm) is one of the most popular techniques used by construction practitioners for construction project scheduling since the 1950s. despite its popularity, cpm has a major shortcoming, as it is schedule based on two impractical acceptance that the project deadline is not bounded and that resources are unlimited. the analytical competency and computing capability of cpm thus...

Currently three European satellite spectrometers, GOME1/ERS2 (1995-present), SCIAMACHY/ENVISAT (2002-present), and GOME2 (2006-present) provide a near global decadal data set of total ozone covering more than a decade. This data are very valuable for the detection of recovery in stratospheric ozone as expected from the levelling off of stratospheric chlorine. In order to detect such a signal be...

A total coloring of a graph G is to color all vertices and edges of G so that no two adjacent or incident elements receive the same color. Let C be a set of colors, and let ω be a cost function which assigns to each color c in C a real number ω(c) as a cost of c. A total coloring f of G is called an optimal total coloring if the sum of costs ω( f (x)) of colors f (x) assigned to all vertices an...

The proliferation of Native American casino (NAC) gambling over the past few decades has generated a concern over the social, economic. and environmental impacts. This study examined the local resident perceptions of casino gambling impacts and their subsequent support for the NACs within the Social Exchange Theory (SET) framework. It further applied a similar framework to the non-NAC settings....

Now is the time for global banks to strengthen their core. By implementing or converting to a new core banking platform, or upgrading to the latest version of their current system, financial institutions can create a simpler and more flexible IT environment, boost their efficiency and drive down total cost of ownership. New core banking systems also can add speed and responsiveness, and enhance...

The nature of the soft gamma-ray (20-200 keV) Galactic emission has been a matter of debate for a long time. Previous experiments have tried to separate the point source contribution from the real in-terstellar emission, but with a rather poor spatial resolution , they concluded that the interstellar emission could be a large fraction of the total Galactic emission. INTEGRAL, having both high r...

Since the 1990s, national green building certification indices have emerged around the globe as promising measurement tools for environmental-friendly housing. Since 2008, tools for countries in the Northern “colder” hemisphere have been adapted to tropical countries. In contrast, the Tropically Adapted Energy Performance Certificate (TEPC), established in 2012, translates the United Nations’ t...

The creation of quality e-learning material creates a cost dilemma for many institutions, since it has both high variable and high fixed costs. This cost dilemma means that economies of scale are difficult to achieve, which may result in a consequent reduction in the quality of the learning material. Based on the experience of creating a masters level course at the UK Open University, the artic...

Cloud computing is an evolution of computing technology and reflects a shift in the way it is delivered to businesses and individuals. Enterprises can significantly lower their cost of ownership, reduce time to value and faster adapt to changing needs in a globalized economy. Despite research and practice predict productivity increases and cost savings when migrating to the cloud one question r...