It has long been debated whether information in the brain is coded at the rate of neuronal spiking or at the precise timing of single spikes. Although this issue is essential to the understanding of neural signal processing, it is not easily resolved because the two mechanisms are not mutually exclusive. We suggest revising this coding issue so that one hypothesis is uniquely selected for a giv...

The characterization of functional network structures among multiple neurons is essential to understanding neural information processing. Information geometry (IG), a theory developed for investigating a space of probability distributions has recently been applied to spike-train analysis and has provided robust estimations of neural interactions. Although neural firing in the equilibrium state ...

The stable aerosol retrieval algorithm needs a prior assumption of lidar ratio (the extinction-to-backscatter ratio), and the known aerosol type that is the prerequisite of the assumption, so how to identify the clouds from lidar profile is fundamental to acquire atmospheric optical parameter. CALIPSO is a space-borne lidar and it can observe the aerosol characteristic, but can not penetrate th...

The inauguration of the Shinkansen high-speed train service between Tokyo and Osaka, Japan, at 210 kph maximum operating speed some 40 years ago marked the comeback of the train as an important passenger mode of transport. Since then highspeed train (HST) services have been introduced in many countries and are planned in many more, and the train has once more become the dominant mode of transpo...

The synaptic connectivity of cortex is plastic, with experience shaping the ongoing interactions between neurons. Theoretical studies of spike timing-dependent plasticity (STDP) have focused on either just pairs of neurons or large-scale simulations. A simple analytic account for how fast spike time correlations affect both microscopic and macroscopic network structure is lacking. We develop a ...

Detecting deceptions of various kinds may be variously possible, but has little value if the deceiver cannot be identified. In this paper, we discuss our approach to Authorship Attribution that uses vector similarity with a frequencymean-variance framework for patterns of stopwords (no more than ten). The high frequency individual occurrences, and patterns of co-occurrence, can be used as ident...

Litman and Allen are concerned with the relationship between plan recognition in discourse and the underlying commonsense structures that are necessary to support the discourse. Building around a train-trip scenario, they demonstrate the importance of commonsense understanding of plans to the ability to analyze a discourse revolving around this plan. In this capacity they make the distinction b...

Neurons in the cerebral cortex respond inconsistently to a repeated sensory stimulus, yet they underlie our stable sensory experiences. Although the nature of this variability is unknown, its ubiquity has encouraged the general view that each cell produces random spike patterns that noisily represent its response rate. In contrast, here we show that reversibly inactivating distant sources of ei...