PURPOSE Mice homozygous for the vitiligo mutation of the microphthalmia (Mitf) gene have a retinal degeneration characterized by slow loss of photoreceptor cells and compromised retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) structure and function. The levels of retinyl esters, which are essential for generation of 11-cis-retinaldehyde for the formation of rhodopsin, were reported previously to be elevated b...

Dilute acid hydrolysis was employed to generate lipid-dense post-hydrolyzed rice bran (PHRB) which utilized as feedstock in biodiesel production. Upon drying of the wet PHRB with entrained dilute solution, subsequent carbonization and sulfonation occurred material, incorporating significant amounts sulfur sulfonic acid. The collected dry in-situ (trans)esterification (ISTE) its lipids fatty met...

The addition of co-solvent on in situ trans esterification was considered as one method to improve the extractive process and increase yield biodiesel from microalgae. In this study, with using microwave studied for improving performance produced compared without addition. optimal reaction conditions (ratio microalgae methanol 1:15 w /v; 30 ml % H2SO4) at 50 min time, Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (F...

It is now established that fatty acid 7,10,13,16-22:4 is metabolized into 4,7,10,13,16-22:5 as follows: 7,10,13,16-22:4-->9,12,15, 18-24:4-->6,9,12,15,18-24:5-->4,7,10,13,16-22:5. Neither C24 fatty acid was esterified to 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (1-acyl-GPC) by microsomes, whereas the rates of esterification of 4, 7,10,13,16-22:5, 7,10,13,16-22:4 and 5,8,11,14-20:4 were respectively 1...

THE TITLE COMPOUND [SYSTEMATIC NAME: (1R)-methyl 6-bromo-7-isopropyl-1,4a-dimethyl-1,2,3,4,4a,9,10,10a-octa-hydro-phen-anthrene-1-carboxyl-ate], C(21)H(29)BrO(2), was synthesized from N-bromo-succinimide and methyl dehydro-abietate, which was prepared through an esterification reaction using dehydro-abietic acid and methanol as raw materials. The three six-membered rings adopt planar (mean devi...

The potential of algal biomass as a source of liquid and gaseous biofuels is a highly topical theme, but as yet there is no successful economically viable commercial system producing biofuel. However, the majority of the research has focused on producing fuels from microalgae rather than from macroalgae. This article briefly reviews the methods by which useful energy may be extracted from macro...