drug-in-adhesive transdermal drug delivery systems  )tddss) containing stimulants, termed as energetic substances, such as caffeine and pantothenic acid, were studied. caffeine is a white crystalline substance and a stimulant to central nervous system. in humans, caffeine acts as a central nervous system stimulant, temporarily warding off drowsiness and restoring alertness. pantothenic acid, al...

Galantamine hydrobromide is formulated in tablets and capsules prescribed through oral delivery for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. However, oral delivery of drugs can cause severe side effects such as nausea, vomiting, and gastrointestinal disturbance. Transdermal delivery of galantamine hydrobromide could avoid these unwanted side effects. In this work, galantamine hydrobromide was form...

Description of Procedure or Service Iontophoresis is a method of transdermal local drug delivery using electrical current. A charged, ionic drug is placed on the skin with an electrode of the same charge, allowing direct current to drive the drug into the skin. Ultrasound transdermal delivery involves the use of ultrasonic energy to enhance delivery of solutes either simultaneously or via pre-t...

Sonophoresis can increase skin permeability to various drugs in transdermal drug delivery. Cavitation is recognized as the predominant mechanism of sonophoresis. Recently, a new logical approach to enhance the efficiency of transdermal drug delivery was tried. It is to utilize the engineered microbubble and its resonant frequency for increase of cavitation activity. Actively-induced cavitation ...

Transdermal drug delivery offers many advantages over traditional drug delivery methods. However, the natural resistance of the skin to drug permeation represents a major challenge that transdermal drug delivery needs to overcome in a safe and reversible manner. One method for enhancing transdermal drug delivery involves the application of ultrasound (US) to skin to physically overcome the skin...

ethosomes are a novel and alternative drug delivery systems and currently the focus of many research activities. ethosomes are soft, flexible vesicles that are composed mainly of phospholipids, ethanol and water. ethosomes can provide better skin permeation than liposomes and deliver enhanced amounts of both small and large therapeutic agents through skin and targeting to deeper skin layers for...

The increased interest in transdermal drug delivery has highlighted the importance of understanding fluid-particles dynamics in porous media. In this work, the fluid-mediated transport of drug particles in the Corneocytes of Stratum Corneum is investigated by means of the Lattice Boltzmann method, as coupled to a particle dynamics solver to track the trajectory of the drug particles. The numeri...

Transdermal Drug Delivery System (TDDS) is one of the systems lying under the category of controlled drug delivery, in which the aim is to deliver the drug through skin in a predetermined and controlled rate. Hypertension is one of the common disorder for the mankind. It is not a disease in itself, but is an important risk factor for cardiovascular mortality and morbidity. The present article d...