Measuring contingencies or sequential associations may be applied to a broad range of response-stimulus, stimulus-stimulus, or response-response relations. Within behavior analysis, response-stimulus contingencies have been quantified by comparing 2 transitional probabilities and plotting them in contingency space. Within and outside behavior analysis, Yule's Q has become a recommended statisti...

The question of when and how bottom-up input is integrated with top-down knowledge has been debated extensively within cognition and perception, and particularly within language processing. A long running debate about the architecture of the spoken-word recognition system has centered on the locus of lexical effects on phonemic processing: does lexical knowledge influence phoneme perception thr...

A long running debate about the architecture of the spoken-word recognition system has centered on the locus of lexical effects on phonemic processing: does lexical knowledge influence phoneme perception through feedback, or post-perceptually in a purely feedforward system? Elman and McClelland (1988) reported that lexically-restored ambiguous phonemes influenced the perception of the following...

Addressed is the problem of state estimation for dynamic Markovian jump systems (MJS) with unknown transitional probability matrix (TPM) of the embedded Markov chain governing the system jumps. Based on recent authors’ results, proposed is a new TPM-estimation algorithm that utilizes stochastic simulation methods (viz. Bayesian sampling) for finite mixtures’ estimation. Monte Carlo simulation r...

The present work examined the discovery of linguistic cues during a word segmentation task. Whereas previous studies have focused on sensitivity to individual cues, this study addresses how individual cues may be used to discover additional, correlated cues. Twenty-four 9-month-old infants were familiarized with a speech stream in which syllable-level transitional probabilities and an overlappi...

Ahvaz can be regarded as one of the most polluted cities in the world in terms of air pollution. Successive years of drought and weather conditions in recent years have resulted in particulate matter (PM10) concentration in Ahvaz. In this study, using probability distribution techniques, an appropriate threshold to identify the PM10 maximum extreme concentrations (MEC) has been detected. Based ...

The present study investigated whether neural responses could demonstrate the statistical learning of chord sequences and how the perception underlying a pitch class can affect the statistical learning of chord sequences. Neuromagnetic responses to two chord sequences of augmented triads that were presented every 0.5s were recorded from fourteen right-handed participants. One sequence was a ser...

There is now growing evidence that people are sensitive to the statistical regularities embedded into linguistic utterances, but the exact nature of the distributional information to which human performance is sensitive is an issue that has been surprisingly neglected as yet. In order to address this issue, we first propose an overview of some basic measures of association, going from the simpl...

In this paper, we develop a new adaptive scheme in which an optimal distance-based update threshold is selected not only as a function of the call-to-mobility ratio, but also as a transitional directivity index ω; a new parameter introduced to give some measures of the mobile’s traveling patterns. It is assumed that when ω > 1, the mobile has a greater tendency of roaming “outwards” and hence a...

background and aims: immunohistochemical tests are one of the most important tests, which are under study to determine the prognosis of the cancers such as transitional cell carcinoma. by the time, flexible cystoscopy and urine cytology are the routine tests for following up the patients with transitional cell carcinoma, which are both operator dependent. on the other hand, cystoscopy is an inv...