background & aim: acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids) is an infectious disease caused by human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). the awareness of hiv preventive measures and its transmission routes have an important role in controlling the hiv infection in the society. regarding this, the present study aimed to investigate the awareness and attitudes of the high school students regarding hiv...

Abstract Current infection-control guidelines subscribe to a contact/droplet/airborne paradigm that is based on outdated understanding. Here, we propose modify and align existing with more accurate description of the different transmission routes. This will improve effectiveness control measures as transmissible variants severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerge.

Plants are hosts to complex communities of endophytic bacteria that colonize the interior of both below- and aboveground tissues. Bacteria living inside plant tissues as endophytes can be horizontally acquired from the environment with each new generation, or vertically transmitted from generation to generation via seed. A better understanding of bacterial endophyte transmission routes and mode...