1 by country (European Union), by sector of industry, occupation (ISCO 68/88), age and highest level of education attained (corresponding to the ISCED educational classification). The data have been provided only for the period 1988-1994, because Eurostat did not perform an educational desaggregation of (unemployment t data for earlier years. In 1992, two major changes occurred in the classific...

Fixed film biological wastewater treatment processes, such as trickling filters, biological fluidized beds, and rotating biological contactors (RBC), have gained more attention recently due to their less energy consumption, ease of operation and low maintenance requirements. However, the dynamic nature of biofilms and their kinetic characteristics have not been fully understood. Designs of the ...

A trickling ®lter packed with PVC 16 mm Raschig rings was used to study the degradation of toluene in a polluted air stream, by means of a bacterial bio®lm of Pseudomonas putida ATCC 17484. A polluted stream was simulated by blending air with a controlled amount of toluene. The mixing was accomplished in a special mixing chamber designed for that purpose. Induction of the enzymes of the toluene...

the aim of the present study was to assess the bio-trickling filter startup for the treatment ofwastewater produced by pegah dairy company at psychrophilic condition. the startup time of a bio-tricklingfilter is directly proportional to the concentration of microbial population. abio-trickling column with a height of150 cm was packed with lava rocks with the liquid recirculated through the pack...

This paper discusses current technological improvements related to a compact system comprised by UASB reactor and sponge-bed trickling filter (SBTF) as a potential alternative for decentralized sewage treatment systems in developing countries. The proposed improvements deal with some inherent constraints of the anaerobic treatment and seek to improve the design and operational strategies focusi...

Eight different sewage treatment works were sampled in the North West of England. The effectiveness of the conventional treatment processes (primary sedimentation and biological trickling filters) as well as various tertiary treatment units in terms of both total and dissolved copper removal was evaluated. The removal of total copper across primary sedimentation averaged 53% and were relatively...

In a previous communication, Sheets et al. (1954) have shown that three phenol-resistant organisms, a sporeforming rod, a coccus and a short rod, belonging to the genera Bacillus, Micrococcus and Pseudomonas respectively, were isolated from a trickling filter, operated continuously at 54 C for the treatment of phenolic wastes. The Pseudomonas-like rod predominated over the other two types. A pu...