It is shown how to use commutative encryption to share a secret. Suppose Alice wants to share a secret with Bob such that Bob cannot decrypt the secret unless a group of trustees agree. It is assumed that Alice, Bob and the trustees communicate over insecure channels. This paper presents a scheme that uses modular exponentiation and does not require key exchange. The security of the scheme rest...

We investigate how the behaviors of malicious trusted parties affect participants of optimistic non-repudiation protocols. We introduce a notion of risk balance for exchange protocols. Intuitively, risk balance refers to fairness in the amount of protection a protocol offers to the participants against malicious trustees. We explore how risk balance relates to the notions of accountable trustee...

Pension trustees make surrogate decisions on behalf of scheme members. However, prior research has not explored how this might affect pension adequacy. Our results show that when setting targets for replacement income, project their own preferences instead reflecting member preferences. Furthermore, projection was more pronounced with lower financial literacy. Trustees choose significantly high...

BACKGROUND Establishment of boards of trustees for all universities was legalized in 1988. It is crucial to assess the performance of the boards and to adjust them to the mandates raised by new visions of the country. METHODS Subjects were members of boards of trustees and officers in charge of board's affairs at medical universities. Furthermore, a sample of 860 resolutions adopted by the bo...

This article, adapted from a summary of the 1983 Annual Reports of the Medicare Boards of Trustees, presents the present and projected future actuarial status of the Hospital Insurance (HI) and Supplementary Medical Insurance (SMI) Trust Funds following the enactment of the Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982 and the Social Security Amendments of 1983. Although the Trustees charact...

This paper reports an experiment evaluating the effect of gift giving on building trust. We have nested our explorations in the standard version of the investment game. Our gift treatment includes a dictator stage in which the trustee decides whether to give a gift to the trustor before both of them proceed to play the investment game. We observe that in such case the majority of trustees offer...