The habitats in which extinct hominids existed has been a key issue in addressing the origin and extinction of early hominids, as well as in understanding various morphological and behavioral adaptations. Many researchers postulated that early hominids lived in an open savanna (Dart, 1925; Robinson, 1963; Howell, 1978). However, Vrba (1985, 1988) has noted that a major global climatic and envir...

(and, as significantly, so far ignored by historians). Historians of science and medicine who are not interested in the minutiae of the chemistry of life will, nevertheless, find the volume an extremely useful reference source. There are helpful names and subject indices and a generous 184 pages of bibliography. Such readers will particularly enjoy the three introductory chapters, partly drawn ...

James Hutton is generally regarded as the father of modern geology. In the eighteenth century he came up with a theory that revolutionized the science of geology: uniformitarianism, expressed by Charles Lyell as ‘The present is a key to the past’. This has enabled generations of geologists to interpret information gleaned from rocks and sediments by reference to examples existing in the modern ...

Palaeontology From Potanichthys to Wushaichthys: resolving the evolutionary origin and reproductive strategy of the Thoracopteridae: a reply to Tintori (2015) Our recent studies on Potanichthys [1] and Wushaichthys [2] from China shed new light on the evolutionary origin and reproductive strategy of the Thoracopteridae. Tintori commented on our taxonomic assignment of Wushaichthys and on our hy...

1881). These provide a wealth of detailed information about Lyell's life, though with frequent and often tantalizing gaps, but they make no attempt to trace the development of his scientific work nor to estimate it critically. They shun controversy absolutely. In 1901 T. G. Bonney of Cambridge University issued a short popular life, Charles Lyell and Modern Geology, which, despite its brevity, ...

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Geologists are acquainted with the principle of uniformitarianism, which holds that present day processes are the key to those that operated in the past. But the extent this applies to the processes driving the growth and differentiation of the continental crust throughout the Earth history remains a major controversy in earth sciences. An important part of the discussion circles around the pre...

Some truly remarkable graphite is described by Bell et al. in PNAS (1). Graphite is, of course, the same material as found in pencil tips or in the anode of lithium ion batteries. Graphite is, however, also a very common material in Earth Science, and is often the form of carbon found in very old fossils that have been subjected to substantial heat. The graphite described in the Bell et al. art...