billing—Exploring Policy Options for a New Rural America—but in addition identifies the basis for a new framework for rural policy. Evidence that a new policy framework is needed is abundant (Stauber; Johnson and Martin). In one way or another, rural areas of North America and of most of the developed world have for at least the past century experienced secular decline compared to urban areas. ...

The focus of this paper is on substantive aspects of fertility and mortality, and their implications for future population trends in North Africa. There is convincing evidence that high fertility has been maintained for a considerable time and that a decline has begun in these countries. This decline is not uniformly the same in each country. Most of it is in urban areas, while fertility in rur...

BACKGROUND Automobile exhaust contains precursors to ozone and fine particulate matter (PM ≤ 2.5 µm in aerodynamic diameter; PM2.5), posing health risks. Dependency on car commuting also reduces physical fitness opportunities. OBJECTIVE In this study we sought to quantify benefits from reducing automobile usage for short urban and suburban trips. METHODS We simulated census-tract level chan...

Census data from 1991 from Botswana and Namibia were analyzed using the ‘children ever born technique’ to estimate child mortality. The method used is reviewed briefly, with emphasis on aspects not covered by the standard UN reference on mortality estimation, Manual X. The census data appear to be of very high quality for use with the children ever born technique. Between the mid-1970s and the ...

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE Cigarette smoking is one of the main causes of premature death worldwide. Tobacco smoking is influenced by social and economic factors such as age, gender, level of education and place of residence. The objective of this paper is to describe the occurrence of daily tobacco use in urban and rural populations in Poland. MATERIALS AND METHOD The data was collected betw...

Sustainability is observed in many aspects and elements of traditional Iranian architecture, plannerand landscape architecture, and this method was used to solve many problems for many countries. The aim of thisarticle is to achieve a sustainable approach in planning urban renewal projects to identify the relationship betweenurban design considerations and the sustainable development objectives...

Nature in cities is concentrated in urban green spaces, which are key areas for urban biodiversity and also important areas to connect people with nature. To conserve urban biodiversity within these natural refugia, habitat restoration such as weed control and revegetation is often implemented. These actions are expected to benefit biodiversity, although species known to be affected by urbaniza...

In face of a dramatic decline of wild bee species in many rural landscapes, potential conservation functions of urban areas gain importance. Yet effects of urbanization on pollinators, and in particular on wild bees, remain ambiguous and not comprehensively understood. This is especially true for amenity grassland and extensively managed wastelands within large-scale residential housing areas. ...