ETIOLOGY Feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD) includes infl ammatory diseases of the lower urinary tract and non-infl ammatory conditions that cause urination in inappropriate places. Both male and female cats are affected but mostly only male cats develop urethral obstruction. Typical signs in non-obstructed cats include pollakiuria, stranguria, hematuria and urination in inappropriate p...

Feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD) is not a single disease but rather an umbrella term for several disorders, the most common being feline idiopathic cystitis (FIC), uroliths and urethral crystalline-matrix plugs. Regardless of the underlying cause, it is characterised by dysuria (painful or difficult urination), pollakiuria (frequent and/or prolonged attempts to urinate), stranguria (s...

Background: There is risk of developing bilirubin encephalopathy (kernicterus) in cases in which early diagnosis and treatment of high bilirubin levels are not available. The follow-up and treatment of neonatal indirect hyperbilirubinemia are, therefore, important. Aim: This study was conducted to evaluate the relationship between serum bilirubin levels and the frequency of urination and stooli...

An infrequent case of hair tourniquet the penis in a male goat aged two years with history difficulty urination is reported here.