congenital undescending testis is a common anomaly of testis, but we had a rare case of ectopic testis. a 15-month-old infant was operated emergently because of left incarcerate inguinal hernia. intraoperative exploration of hernial sac revealed two ectopic testes with one spermatic cord proximally but in the middle divided to two spermatic cords in a 8 shape. there was an important point about...

BACKGROUND Pseudarthrosis after anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) causes persistent pain and related disability. Posterior revision surgery results in higher healing rates, but is more extensive compared to anterior surgery. OBJECTIVE To evaluate minimally disruptive, tissue sparing posterior fusion via bilateral placement of posterior cages between the facet joints as an alterna...

INTRODUCTION To evaluate health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in Korean adults with visual impairment(VI) using various measures based on a nationally distributed sample. METHODS Using the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES, 2008-2012) data, we compared EuroQol five-dimensional questionnaire (EQ-5D) and EQ-visual analogue scale (VAS) scores after adjusting for s...

BACKGROUND Side-effects and choice of drugs influence compliance during treatment for endometriosis. Progestogen administered by a device with a 5-year lifespan, has been shown to be an effective medical alternative with several advantages. The aims of this study were to investigate its efficacy, continuation rates and side-effects in women with endometriosis over a 3-year period. METHODS Thi...

In an effort to avoid arthroplasty at a relatively young age, unloading tibial tuberosity anteromedialization (AMZ) has been increasingly utilized in the treatment of symptomatic isolated patellofemoral osteoarthritis (PFOA). The purpose this study was compare outcomes PFOA patients treated non-operatively with those operatively AMZ. A retrospective chart review performed identify who were eith...

Ketamine has demonstrated usefulness as an analgesic to treat nonresponsive neuropathic pain; however, it is not widely administered to outpatients due to fear of such side effects as hallucinations and other cognitive disturbances. This retrospective chart review is the first research to study the safety and efficacy of prolonged low-dose, continuous intravenous (IV) or subcutaneous ketamine i...

purpose: e is a commonly use letter for illiterates or those who could not read english to measure visual acuity. the e chart is the mainly used charts in iran. however, they do not have the standards. they are in different format, fixed for 6 meter test, with or without lighting, with unequal number of letters in each line and different contrasts. as a result, there is an essential need for a ...

The CCC-r chart is developed based on cumulative count of a conforming (CCC) control chart that considers the cumulative number of items inspected until observing r nonconforming ones. Typically, the samples obtained from the process are analyzed through 100% inspection to exploit the CCC-r chart. However, considering the inspection cost and time would limit its implementation. In this paper, w...