background vertically oriented global health initiatives (ghis) addressing the hiv/aids epidemic, including the president’s emergency plan for aids relief (pepfar), have successfully contributed to reducing hiv/aids related morbidity and mortality. however, there is still debate about whether these disease-specific programs have improved or harmed health systems overall, especially with respect...

This paper sketches our approach to rigorously prove the correctness of a compiler executable down to its binary machine code implementation. We will emphasize the central r^ ole of partial program correctness and its preservation, which capture the intuitive correctness requirements for transformational programs and in particular for compilers on realistic machines. Vertical and horizontal com...

Economic losses due to infection with Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) have prompted introduction of organized control programs. These programs primarily focus on the removal of persistently infected (PI) animals, the main source of BVDV transmission. Recently, persistent BVDV infection was demonstrated experimentally in white-tailed deer, the most abundant wild ruminant in North America. Con...

Prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) interventions have significantly reduced vertical HIV transmission but coverage is uneven and substantial gaps remain [1]. The success of PMTCT programs means that most ongoing vertical transmission is likely to be postnatal from mothers not diagnosed antenatally [2]. There is also high post-partum attrition from PMTCT programs especially for i...

BACKGROUND The most recent strategic call to action of the World Health Organization sets the elimination of pediatric HIV as a goal. While recent efforts have focused on building infrastructure and ensuring access to high-quality treatment, we must now turn our focus to the behavior change needed to eliminate vertical transmission. We make the case for the application of concepts from the fiel...

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is still an important problem in the Southeast Asia. The incidence of HIV-infected patient has been increasing since the last two decades. The problem also affects an infant born to the HIV-infected mothers. Preventive programs and health education seem to be the most important measures, although the zidovudine (AZT) protocol has been able to red...

BACKGROUND Dengue control programs commonly employ reactive insecticide spraying around houses of reported cases, with the assumption that most dengue virus (DENV) transmission occurs in the home. Focal household transmission has been demonstrated in rural settings, but it is unclear whether this holds true in dense and mobile urban populations. We conducted a prospective study of dengue cluste...

In the mobile Internet era, community-based vertical communication is becoming increasingly widely used in broadcasting programs. past, contents of programs are produced by professional teams alone. However, this pattern has been completely broken. Nowadays, audience no longer just listeners. Instead, they also create and provide contents. The pays more attention to experience desires participa...

BACKGROUND To reach the global goal of elimination of lymphatic filariasis as a public health problem by 2020, national programs will have to implement a series of transmission assessment surveys (TAS) to determine prevalence of the disease by evaluation unit. It is expected that 4,671 surveys will be required by 2020. Planning in advance for the costs associated with these surveys is essential...