Vertebrate Pax genes encode a family of transcription factors that play important roles in embryonic patterning and morphogenesis. Two closely related Pax genes, Pax-1 and Pax-9, are associated with early axial and limb skeleton development. To investigate the role of these genes in cartilage formation we have examined the expression profiles of Pax-1 and Pax-9 in developing chick limb mesenchy...

BACKGROUND Wide distribution and low half-life of acyclovir has led to a high dose consumption of the drug. Recent studies have shown that encapsulation of acyclovir in nano-carriers can increase effectiveness and decrease its side effects. We investigated the inhibitory effect of acyclovir loaded nano-niosomes against herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) in cell culture. METHODS In-vitro cyto...

Background/aim: Methotrexate (MTX) is a folic acid antagonist that widely used to treat osteosarcoma, leukemia, breast cancer, and autoimmune inflammatory diseases. The most important concerns with MTX are its poor solubility high toxicity, particularly in liver cells. To enhance minimize we encapsulated niosomes investigated hepatotoxicity mechanisms using genetic biomarkers. Materials methods...

Microsphere technology was used to develop formulations of rifampin for targeted delivery to host macrophages. These formulations were prepared by using biocompatible polymeric excipients of lactide and glycolide copolymers. Release characteristics were examined in vitro and also in two monocytic cell lines, the murine J774 and the human Mono Mac 6 cell lines. Bioassay assessment of cell cultur...

Tendon injuries at the epicondyle can occur in athletes and workers whose job functions involve repetitive, high force hand activities, but the early pathophysiologic changes of tendon are not well known. The purpose of this study was to evaluate early tendon structural changes, specifically the formation of microtears, caused by cyclical loading. The Flexor Digitorum Profundus (FDP) muscle of ...

Cells of the embryonic vertebrate limb in high-density culture undergo chondrogenic pattern formation, which results in the production of regularly spaced "islands" of cartilage similar to the cartilage primordia of the developing limb skeleton. The first step in this process, in vitro and in vivo, is the generation of "cell condensations," in which the precartilage cells become more tightly pa...

The role of nonrespiratory peripheral afferents in dyspnea perception has not been fully elucidated yet. Our hypothesis is that fatigue-induced activation of limb muscle metaboreceptors served by group IV fine afferent fibers may impact on respiratory effort perception. We studied 12 healthy subjects breathing against progressive inspiratory resistive loads (10, 18, 30, 40, and 90 cmH(2)O x l(-...

Osteochondral defect repair requires a tissue engineering approach that aims at mimicking the physiological properties and structure of two different tissues (cartilage and bone) using a scaffold-cell construct. One ideal approach would be to engineer in vitro a hybrid material using a single-cell source. For that purpose, the scaffold should be able to provide the adequate biochemical cues to ...

The role of gap junctional communication during patterning of the chick limb has been investigated. Affinity-purified antibodies raised against rat liver gap junctional proteins were used to block communication between limb mesenchyme cells. Co-injection of the antibodies and Lucifer yellow into mesenchyme cultures demonstrated that communication was inhibited almost immediately. When antibodie...

the aim of this study was to investigate the interactions between rat intestine decellularized scaffold and human adipose derived mesenchymal stem cells. rat large intestine was dissected in fragments and decellularized by physicochemical methods. the scaffolds were loaded by human adipose derived mesenchymal stem cells expressing green fluorescent protein. microscopic sections were prepared fr...