Leadership is an under-studied topic in the international development literature. When the topic is broached it is usually in support of what might be called a ‘hero orthodoxy’: One or other individual is identified as the hero of a specific achievement. The current article offers a three part argument why this orthodoxy is problematic and wrong for many developing countries, however. It sugges...

For more than thirty years I have been applying cost-effectiveness and costbenefit analysis to education. When I began this work in about 1970, there were almost no cost-effectiveness studies reported in the literature, and the term was not found in education at all. The term cost-effectiveness is now commonly used in justifying specific educational interventions. It has also become standard pa...