This chapter describes the methodology used in EPA’s Waste Reduction Model (WARM) to estimate streamlined life‐cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emission factors for asphalt shingles beginning at the waste generation reference point. The WARM GHG emission factors are used to compare the net emissions associated with asphalt shingles in the following four waste management alternatives: source reduction...

crisis. Several thousand pounds of hazardous waste are generated annually for every person in the nation.1.2 Also, the total cost of waste management is escalating at a rate of 20-309'0/yr.~ The Office of Technology Assessment (OTA) finds that reducing waste, by preventing it from being generated at the source, is now a practical way to complement the costly pollution control regulatory system....

This article deals with pollution control through source reduction, as an alternative to waste treatment. Many treatment systems simply remove an undesirable process waste from one medium and capture it in another. For example, scrubbers on smokestacks remove Undesirable combustion products by dissolving them in water. Biodegradation of chemicals in wastewater produces sludges (solid wastes)....

Article history: Received 16 September 2010 Received in revised form 22 December 2010 Available online 10 February 2011

The soil solid-liquid distribution coefficient (Kd) value is of great significance in understanding and modelling the environmental behaviour of soil contaminants. For many years, the batch sorption technique has been used for the determination of such values. Here, we propose an alternative 'mini-column' approach in which somewhat more realistic soil conditions are maintained. In particular, t...

Representative dynamic properties of municipal solid waste (MSW) are required to perform reliable seismic analyses of MSW landfills. A comprehensive large-scale cyclic triaxial laboratory testing program was performed on MSW retrieved from a landfill in the San Francisco Bay area to evaluate the small-strain shear modulus, and strain-dependent normalized shear modulus reduction and material dam...

At the southeastern part of Sweden, old art and crystal waste glass has been identified as a hazardous waste due to high weight concentrations of Pb (32.398%), Cd (0.085%), and As (1.976%). The reduction-melting technique was used to investigate the extraction of these trace elements from powder waste glass of particle size < 1 mm. Following a factorial design technique, the experimental result...

The food processing industry is very diverse. The diversity of the industry is apparent not only by the vast array of final products but also by the waste generated. Food processing waste, though not considered to be a health hazard, can be formidable in the quantities generated. Even the smallest seasonal plant is capable of producing waste loads equivalent to a population of 15,000-25,000 peo...

Many scholars have argued that systems for treating waste impede organizations from preventing waste in the first place. They theorize that “end-of-pipe” (EOP) treatment diminishes the incentive to avoid creating waste in the production process and obscures the information necessary to devise prevention techniques. This prediction has been accepted widely, influencing both policy and practice, ...