We report the first quantitative measurement of extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) from hydrogen atoms. A single oscillation is observed from gaseous water consistent with the location of the covalently bonded hydrogen in H 2O. The experimental phase and amplitude of the oscillation are in excellent agreement with curved wave multiple scattering calculations for isolated water mol...

Background: The existence of fluoride ion in potable water has distinctive effects on human health. Fluoride is attracted by positively charged calcium in teeth and bones due to its strong electro-negativity which results in dental, skeletal, and non-skeletal forms of xuorosis and associated health complaints in children as well as adults. Methods: Water samples from groundwater used for dri...

The voltage-gated proton channel (Hv1) is homologous to the voltage-sensing domain (VSD) of voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channels but lacks a separate pore domain. The Hv1 monomer has dual functions: it gates the proton current and also serves as the proton conduction pathway. To gain insight into the structure and dynamics of the yet unresolved proton permeation pathway, we performed all-atom ...

hydraulics of stepped spillway is a very complicated phenomenon, as it consists of a two phase flow passing through a set of designed steps. the steps increase the rate of energy dissipation taking place on the spillway face. turbulence, flow aeration and energy dissipation are the main tasks in the design of such structures. this study consists of the experimental investigation to determine th...

sustainability of water supply networks should be based on the risks of water hammer phenomenon. the purpose of this study is to provide a new approach to the analysis of water hammer phenomenon in the water supply network. by conventional methods, the damage because of water hammer is estimated based on the maximum pressure at nodes. however, during this phenomenon continuation and changing of...

Fast reduction of blood water volume due to ultra-filtration via hemodialysis machine and critical threshold of blood water volume can result in clinical complications such as hypotension. When blood water volume reduces during hemodialysis process, the concentration of blood forming elements will increase. One of the methods for the monitoring of the concentration changes is ultrasonic speed m...

INTRODUCTION: In this review, we compare the spectrum of currently available methods for quantifying pulmonary edema in patients. REVIEW: Imaging and indicator dilution techniques comprise the most common strategies for measuring lung water at the bedside. The most accurate (within 10% of the gravimetric gold standard) and most reproducible (< 5% between-test variation) are also, unfortunately,...

This thesis describes the exploration of amethod tomeasure the droplet size and the concentration of atmospheric liquid water. The purpose is to find a cost effective technique to detect the conditions for icing on structures. Icing caused by freezing atmospheric water can be a significant problem for infrastructure such as power lines, roads and air traffic. About one third of the global insta...