Water is the most essential component for sustaining lives of humans and other living creatures. Supplying potable water with adequate residual pressure is a fundamental responsibility of city administration, which they do during normal conditions. But sometimes, abnormal conditions are formed resulting pressure deficient conditions during the daily operations of water distribution networks. Th...

Several lines of evidence have been examined in attempts to implicate potable water as a source for legionellosis. Success has been mixed. The strongest evidence has been the similarity of strains recovered from patients and from potable water and the cessation of outbreaks following institution of measures to eradicate Legionella from potable water systems. Epidemiologic efforts to identify th...

 Introduction:The commercial 252Cf sources are too large in size and clinical applications of neutronbrachytherapy (NBT) are limited to a small number of intracavitary treatments of cervical cancers. Recently, under the Cooperative Research and Development Agreement (CRADA) with Isotron Inc., the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) encapsulated a new medical 252Cf sources, cal...

The continuous expansion of urban areas is associated with increased water demand, both for domestic and non-domestic uses. To cover this additional demand, centralised infrastructure, such as water supply and distribution networks tend to become more and more complicated and are eventually over-extended with adverse effects on their reliability. To address this, there exist two main strategies...

BACKGROUND To design the most appropriate interventions to improve water quality and supply, information is needed to assess water contamination in a variety of community settings, including those that rely primarily on unimproved surface sources of drinking water. OBJECTIVES We explored the role of initial source water conditions as well as household factors in determining household water qu...

It is not possible, in practice, to precisely model a complex propagation channel, such as shallow water. This lack of accuracy causes a deterioration in the performance of the optimal detector and motivates the search for sub-optimal detectors which are insensitive to uncertainties in the propagation model. We present a novel, robust detector, which measures the degree of spatial-stationarity ...

ion well The potential for pathogens from human and animal wastes that are present in the vicinity of wells to contaminate drinking water need special attention. The well construction itself may promote faecal contamination of the aquifer. As the well punctures all layers in the soil above the aquifer, animal droppings or human wastes that are deposited close to the well may travel with percola...