Abstract Buyers are often active on multiple digital platforms, while gatekeeper platforms can force sellers contractually to use one platform exclusively. This paper considers the welfare effects of such exclusivity clauses for buyers, and in a duopoly with seller membership fee. A setting partially multihoming buyers is compared singlehoming sellers. It shown that predominately harm total wel...

the production of public goods like amenity value of the landscape, food security, preservation of rural communities and rural lifestyle, by agricultural sector is a subject that has been widely accepted by experts. however, in many policies and political analyses carried out, solely the production of private goods by the agricultural sector is paid attention and the important function of publi...

The propensity to show moral behaviour has evolved in all animals living in complex societies as it promotes social stability. All major religions provide a structure for a moral code. The code is valuable in the societies where the religions have influence. The most important aspects of morality are the same in all countries. Because of their moral code, people consider that they have obligati...