Repeated learning improves memory. Temporally distributed ("spaced") learning can be twice as efficient than massed learning. Importantly, learning success is a non-monotonic maximum function of the spacing interval between learning units. Further optimal spacing intervals seem to exist at different time scales from seconds to days. We briefly review the current state of knowledge about this "s...

In this paper, the authors present an optimization method based on modified Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm for thinning large multiple concentric circular ring arrays of uniformly excited isotropic antennas that will generate a pencil beam in the vertical plane with minimum relative side lobe level (SLL). Two different cases have been studied, one with fixed uniform inter-element s...

Introduction In Afghanistan, despite the high awareness levels of contraceptive methods, the contraceptive prevalence is low and short birth spacing is common. The aim of this study was to understand the perception about family planning and contraceptive utilization among reproductive-aged married women, their husbands, their mothers-in-law, religious leaders and healthcare providers. Methods...

This paper presents a simulation methodology for performance assessment of wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) systems using directly modulated quantum-well lasers and optically preamplified direct detection receivers. The methodology is based on a pure semi-analytical method which combines noiseless WDM transmission simulation with noise analysis in those systems. Using this approach, we di...

Production strategy from a hydrocarbon reservoir plays an important role in optimal field development in the sense of maximizing oil recovery and economic profits. To this end, self-adapting optimization algorithms are necessary due to the great number of variables and the excessive time required for exhaustive simulation runs. Thus, this paper utilizes genetic algorithm (GA), and the objective...

Based on the functional-structural plant model GreenLab, a common plant category tomato was selected as a test case in order to analyze the impact of plant density on the yield. A yield optimization model was set up based on minimum ripe fruit weight constraints, fruit weight serve as the objective function for the bound-constrained optimization problem. Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algori...