Let GF (q) denote the Galois field of q elements, and let V (n, q) denote the vector space of all ordered n-tuples over GF (q). The number of nonzero positions in a vector x ∈ V (n, q) is called the Hamming weight wt(x) of x. The Hamming distance d(x,y) between two vectors x,y ∈ V (n, q) is defined by d(x,y) = wt(x − y). A linear code C of length n and dimension k over GF (q) is a k-dimensional...

Although the blue light photoreceptors cryptochromes mediate expression of genes related to reactive oxygen species, whether cryptochrome 1a (cry1a) regulates local and long-distance signaling water deficit in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is unknown. Thus cry1a mutant its wild-type (WT) were reciprocally grafted (WT/WT; cry1a/cry1a; WT/cry1a; cry1a/WT; as scion/rootstock) or grown on their ...

The ramosus (rms) mutation (rms1) of pea (Pisum sativum) causes increased branching through modification of graft-transmissible signal(s) produced in rootstock and shoot. Additional grafting techniques have led us to propose that the novel signal regulated by Rms1 moves acropetally in shoots and acts as a branching inhibitor. Epicotyl interstock grafts showed that wild-type (WT) epicotyls graft...

We investigated the influence of a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor on the ectodomain of the influenza hemagglutinin (HA) by replacing the wild type (wt) transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains with a GPI lipid anchor. GPI-anchored HA (GPI-HA) was transported to the cell surface with equal efficiency and at the same rate as wt-HA. Like wt-HA, cell surface GPI-HA, and its ectodomain relea...

OBJECTIVE Type VIII collagen is upregulated after vascular injury and in atherosclerosis. However, the role of type VIII collagen endogenously expressed by smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and in the context of the vascular matrix microenvironment, which is rich in type I collagen, is not known. To address this, we have compared aortic SMCs from wild-type (WT) mice to SMCs from type VIII collagen-def...