Contemporary analyses of Athenian democracy have focused on binaries such as mass/elite, free/slave, and male/female, overlooking the urban/rural divide. In this article, I argue that was a central cleavage in demos. Ancient thinkers including Thucydides, Aristophanes, Plato, Xenophon, Aristotle paid close attention to differences their consequences during fifth century. Plato particular develo...

First printed in 1471, it was in and out of print until at least 1851, and translated from its original Latin into Italian, French, German and (allegedly) Polish. According to Stillwell, it is based on traditional works (Roman, Arabian and medieval), although Piero utilized them critically on the basis of experience on his own estate near Bologna.1 Book 9 includes a section on horses, with note...

In this article we intend to trace Homeric references within Xenophon’s Anabasis, in order prove the Historian constructs an Epic text which he immortalizes his own exploits among Persians and compares himself with hero Odysseus. I also consider other works of Xenophon as Banquet, Memorabilia Apology, since there describes poems Homer essential part Greek culture IV Century. Among main sources ...