Since twelve years when the Traditional and Islamic Medicine Group was founded by The Academy of Medical Sciences of Islamic Republic of Iran., there has always been the interest to organize the research on traditional medicine, to lead it toward an objective, and to introduce its various aspects to the public. On the other hand, the medical science has a long history in Iran. In addition to an...

Magic is “a concept used to describe a mode of rationality or way of thinking that looks to invisible forces to influence events, effect change in material conditions, or present the illusion of change” (Encyclopedia Britannica s.v. magic). “Magic and sorcery are the influencing of events, objects, people, and physical phenomena by mystical, paranormal or supernatural means. The terms can also ...

extended abstract 1. introduction abbasid period can be regarded as an epoch in which poetry and eulogy in persia reached maturity, i.e., in which poetry has become a means of praise and admiration (dayf, 2006, p. 565). the kings of this dynasty gathered a group of flattered eulogists and used them for political announcements (alebadi, 2006, p. 13), by allocating precious gifts of war booty to ...

The ayyubid and zangi dynasties were two sem – independent rules within the Islamic world. They founded during period in which abbasid suljukians ruled. center of state is rule was located mousil, part cezere rigion east levant state, family living peacefully under balabag city, where they held significant administrative military positions. Following death nuraddin (569 H/1174 AD), had chance t...

We document a divergence in the duration of rule for monarchs in Western Europe and the Islamic world beginning in the medieval period. While leadership tenures in the two regions were similar in the 8th century, Christian kings became increasingly long lived compared to Muslim sultans. We argue that forms of executive constraint that emerged under feudal institutions in Western Europe were ass...

If K is not a context-free language, then sh(K, a*) is not an EOL language (where sh(Ki,Kz) denotes the shuffle of the languages K i and K2, and a is a symbol not in the alphabet of K). Hence the class of context-free languages is the largest full AFL inside the class of EOL languages.

Abstract Karl Mayer (later Mayer-Eymar, 1826–1906) was a stratigrapher and palaeontologist who assembled during his long career collection of Cenozoic (then “Tertiary”) mollusks that numbers more than 500′000 specimens. He mostly collected them himself at various localities in Europe Egypt. In 175 publications he described 1100 new bivalve gastropod species, the types which are paramount import...