Activation of melanocortin 4 receptors (MC4-Rs) in brain nuclei associated with food intake profoundly influences consummatory behavior. Of these nuclei, the dorsal motor vagal nucleus (DMV), which has a dense concentration of MC4-Rs, is an important regulator of gastric tone and motility. Hence, the present study sought to examine the role of MC4-Rs in this nucleus on these activities. Using a...

Dracocephalum kotschyi is an essential oil containing plant found in Iran. In Iranian traditional medicine, D. kotschyi has been used as antispasmodic and analgesic but so far there is no pharmacological report about its antispasmodic activity. Therefore, the objective of this research was to study antispasmodic activity of the essential oil of D. kotschyi and two of its constituents namely lim...

OBJECTIVE This study aims to investigate the contribution of presynaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) sub-types to nicotine-induced enhancement in electrical field stimulation (EFS) EFS-mediated contractile responses in rabbit urine bladder smooth muscle preparations. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rabbit urine bladder smooth muscle strips were placed in organ baths containing 20 ml of a...

A set has local scaling if in a neighborhood of a point the structure of the set can be mapped onto a finer scale structure of the set. These scaling transformations are compact sets of locally affine contractions (that is, contractions with uniformly α-Hölder continuous derivatives). In this setting, without the open set condition or any other assumption on the spacing of these contractions, w...

BACKGROUND We have previously reported that aerial parts of Tylophora hirsuta have antispasmodic profile. The current work is an attempt for isolation of pharmacologically active compound(s) that contribute for its antispasmodic activity. METHODS Preliminary phytochemical screening for crude methanol extract of Tylophora hirsuta (Th.Cr) is performed. Brine shrimp cytotoxicity of crude methano...

Abstract This paper provides two wide classes of contractions, which are obtained by using notions $\alpha _{s^{p}} $ α s p -admissibility and the rich set C -class functions in setting a complete b -metric-like space under more g...

Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) mediates neurogenic inflammation and modulates intestinal motility. The CGRP receptor is a heterodimer of calcitonin receptorlike receptor (CLR) and receptor-associated modifying protein 1 (RAMP1). We used RNA interference (RNAi) to elucidate the specific role of CLR in colonic motility and inflammation. Intramural injection of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) ...

In the fasted gastrointestinal (GI) tract, a characteristic cyclical rhythmic migrating motor complex (MMC) occurs in an ultradian rhythm, at 90-120 min time intervals, in many species. However, the underlying mechanism directing this ultradian rhythmic MMC pattern is yet to be completely elucidated. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the possible causes or factors that involve in the occu...

Three recently discovered tentacle muscles are crucial to perform patterned movements of upper tentacles of the terrestrial snail, Helix pomatia. The muscles receive central and peripheral excitatory cholinergic innervation lacking inhibitory innervation. Here, we investigate the pharmacology of acetylcholine (ACh) responses in muscles to determine the properties of the ACh receptor (AChR), the...