Aspects of drug withdrawal may become conditioned to previously neutral environmental stimuli via classical conditioning processes. Nevertheless, the significance of conditioned withdrawal effects in motivating drug intake remains largely unexplored. Here, we investigated the effects of conditioned withdrawal in modulating heroin consumption and brain reward sensitivity in rats. Rats intravenou...

International guidelines recommend the use of inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs) as the preferred therapy, with leukotriene receptor antagonists (LTRAs) as an alternative, for the management of persistent asthma in children. Montelukast (MLK) is the first LTRA approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the use in young asthmatic children.Therefore, we performed an analysis of studies that com...

Dopamine in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) is an important neurotransmitter for reward-seeking behaviors such as intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS), although its precise role remains unclear. Here, dynamic fluctuations in extracellular dopamine were measured during ICSS in the rat NAc shell with fast-scan cyclic voltammetry at carbon-fiber microelectrodes. Rats were trained to press a lever to d...

Isochorismate synthase (ICS) converts chorismate into isochorismate, a precursor of primary and secondary metabolites including salicylic acid (SA). SA plays important roles in responses to stress conditions in plants. Many studies have suggested that the function of plant ICSs is regulated at the transcriptional level. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the expression of AtICS1 is induced by stress cond...

به کمک شبیه ­سازی دینامیک مولکولی می ­توان تحلیل کوتاه مدت در مقیاس زمانی چند ده پیکوثانیه ­ای را برای مواد آسیب دیده­ی تابشی مورد مطالعه قرار داد. بر همین مبنا این ­سازی، تعداد تعادلی عیوب نقطه بین ­نشین و تهی ­جای مختصات مکانی آن­ها آهن- آلفا دست آورده شد. سپس با استفاده از نتایج حاصل شده، مونت کارلوی جنبشی شیء منظور بررسی تأثیر بازپخت آلفای انجام نشان دادند که یکنواخت دیده­ ی تنها خوشه جای ب...

Research supported by the International Center for Sports Security (ICSS). All views and contents are those of the author alone and should not be seen to reflect the views of the ICSS.

It is well known that priming stimulation promotes the motivational effects of intracranial self-stimulation(ICSS) behavior. An experimental methodology using the runway method could separately study the reward and motivational effects of ICSS behavior. In the present study, we examined the motivational effect of nicotine as measured by the runway method using priming stimulation of ICSS behavi...

Pain is associated with stimulation of some behaviors and depression of others, and m-opioid receptor agonists are among the most widely used analgesics. This study used parallel assays of pain-stimulated and pain-depressed behavior in male SpragueDawley rats to compare antinociception profiles for six m-agonists that varied in efficacy at m-opioid receptors (from highest to lowest: methadone, ...