INTRODUCTION Paraphenylenediamine (PPD) is widely used in hair dyes and cosmetic skin application. PPD intoxication following oral ingestion could be an important cause of ARF in Sudan, Morocco and the Indian Subcontinent. Repeated and prolonged exposure to PPD may also be associated with Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD). METHODS This is a cross-sectional study that covered six conveniently-chose...

BACKGROUND Some of ginsenosides, root extracts from Panax ginseng, exert cytotoxicity against cancer cells through disruption of membrane subdomains called lipid rafts. Protopanaxadiol (PPD) exhibits the highest cytotoxic effect among 8 ginsenosides which we evaluated for anti-cancer activity. We investigated if PPD disrupts lipid rafts in its cytotoxic effects and also the possible mechanisms....

BACKGROUND Allergic contact dermatitis caused by p-phenylenediamine (PPD) is common among all age groups and both sexes. Monitoring of prevalence and intensity of sensitization is important. OBJECTIVE To evaluate contact allergy to PPD in Europe, and to compare reaction intensities in different European regions. METHODS Data collected by the European Surveillance System on Contact Allergies...

OBJECTIVE This study aims to identify reproductive factors associated with severe depressive symptoms (SDS) in postmenopausal women and to determine whether a past psychological disorder (PPD) and the timing of first-onset PPD in relation to menopause modify associations. METHODS Lifetime reproductive characteristics and PPD were obtained from 51,088 postmenopausal women of the E3N cohort stu...

Ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Mey.) is commonly used in traditional oriental medicine for its wide spectrum of medicinal properties, including anti-inflammatory, antitumorigenic, adaptogenic and anti-aging properties. 20(S)-Protopanaxadiol (PPD), the main intestinal metabolite of ginsenosides, is one of the active ingredients in ginseng. In this study, we aimed to investigate the neuroprotective ...

Plant-derived active constituents and their semi-synthetic or synthetic analogs have served as major sources of anticancer drugs. 20(S)-protopanaxadiol (PPD) is a metabolite of ginseng saponin of both American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) and Asian ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer). We previously demonstrated that ginsenoside Rg3, a glucoside precursor of PPD, exhibits anti-proliferative e...

20(S)-Protopanaxadiol (20(S)-PPD) is one type of sapogenin of protopanaxadiols and has a variety of pharmacological activities. In order to improve the dissolution of 20(S)-PPD as well as its oral bioavailability, a self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) was utilized for 20(S)-PPD preparation. Following the preparation of the 20(S)-PPD SMEDDS, its dissolution, stability, and intest...

BACKGROUND Currently, reliable efficacy markers for assessment of new interventions against tuberculosis (TB) are limited to disease and death. More precise measurement of the human immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection may be important. A qualitative enzyme-linked immunospot assay (ELISPOT) result for early secretory antigenic target 6 (ESAT-6) and culture filtrate protein 10...

Exposure to p-phenylenediamine (pPD), a primary intermediate in hair dye formulations, is often associated with the development of allergic contact dermatitis. Such reactions involve activation of the subject's immune system. The aim of these studies was to explore the relationship between pPD oxidation and functional maturation of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells in vitro. Dendritic cell...

Previous observations suggested that there may be an association between elevated serum copper (Cu) levels and post-partum depression (PPD). In this study, we examined Zn and Cu levels in women with completed pregnancies who had a history of PPD and compared them to women who did not have depression, and to women who reported having been depressed, but without a history of PPD. Cu levels were s...