Antidepressant activities of the original compounds GSB-106 [bis(N-monosuccinyl-L-seryl-L-lysine) hexamethylenediamide], a mimetic fourth loop brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF); GML-3(N-butyl-N-methyl-1-phenylpyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine-3-carboxamide), ligand 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO); and GZK-111 (N-phenylacetylglycyl-L-proline ethyl ester), substitute dipeptide that is biotransform...

The energy losses and spectra of Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays (UHECR) are calculated for protons as primary particles. The attention is given to the energy losses due to electron-positron production in collisions with the microwave 2.73 K photons. The energy spectra are calculated for several models, which differ by production spectra and by source distribution, namely: (i) Uniform distributio...

The main results from the Auger Observatory are described. A steepening of the spectrum is observed at the highest energies, supporting the expectation that above 4×10 eV the cosmic ray energies are significantly degraded by interactions with the CMB photons (the GZK effect). This is further supported by the correlations observed above 6× 10 eV with the distribution of nearby active galaxies, w...

The year 2007 has furnished us with outstanding results about the origin of the most energetic cosmic rays: a flux suppression as expected from the GZK-effect has been observed in the data of the HiRes and Auger experiments and correlations between the positions of nearby AGN and the arrival directions of trans-GZK events have been observed by the Pierre Auger Observatory. The latter finding ma...

Astrophysical, terrestrial, and space-based searches for Lorentz violation are very briefly reviewed. Such searches are motivated by the fact that all superunified theories (and other theories that attempt to include quantum gravity) have some potential for observable violations of Lorentz invariance. Another motivation is the exquisite sensitivity of certain well-designed experiments and obser...

The energy spectra of ultra high energy cosmic rays reported by the AGASA, Fly’s Eye, Haverah Park, HiRes, and Yakutsk experiments are all shown to be in agreement with each other for energies below 10 eV(after small adjustments, within the known uncertainties, of the absolute energy scales). The data from HiRes, Fly’s Eye, and Yakutsk are consistent with the expected flux suppression above 5×1...

We show that photons with energies above the GZK cutoff can reach us from very distant sources if they mix with light axions in extragalactic magnetic fields. The effect which enables this is the conversion of photons into axions, which are sufficiently weakly coupled to travel large distances unimpeded. These axions then convert back into high energy photons close to the Earth. We show that ph...

The energy spectra of ultra-high energy cosmic rays reported by the AGASA, Fly’s Eye, Haverah Park, HiRes, and Yakutsk experiments are all shown to be in agreement with each other for energies below 1020 eV (after small adjustments, within the known uncertainties, of the absolute energy scales). The data from HiRes, Fly’s Eye, and Yakutsk are consistent with the expected flux suppression above ...