In recent years, political parties have adopted Online Delegative Democracy platforms such as LiquidFeedback to organise themselves and their political agendas via a grassroots approach. A common objection against the use of these platforms is the delegation system, where a user can delegate his vote to another user, giving rise to so-called super-voters, i.e. powerful users who receive many de...

Observation shows that while democracy is fragile in poor countries, it is impregnable in developed ones. To explain this pattern, I develop a model in which political parties propose redistributions of incomes, observe the result of an election, and decide whether to comply with the outcome or to launch a struggle for dictatorship. Democracy prevails in developed societies because too much is ...

The reform of institutional arrangements at the local level, especially the personalisation of executive power and the implementation of new options to participate, was expected to reinforce local democracy. However, there were doubts from the start as to whether this goal could be achieved, because institutional reforms were combined with the implementation of New Public Management. After more...

Research and scientific explanation about discourse democracy theory of Jurgen Habermas  and studying and evaluating reflection and generalization of his philosophical and epistemological principles are objectives which the researcher follows in this research From this view, there is studied representation of concepts and categories such as cognitive interests, communication action, discoursing...

We study a construction of the Mathieu group M12 using a game reminiscent of Loyd’s “15-puzzle”. The elements of M12 are realized as permutations on 12 of the 13 points of the finite projective plane of order 3. There is a natural extension to a “pseudogroup” M13 acting on all 13 points, which exhibits a limited form of sextuple transitivity. Another corollary of the construction is a metric, a...

........................................................................................................ 3 1. What is democracy? Short review of conceptual definitions.................... 4 2. The empirical spreading of democracy in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries: The need for distinguishing between different qualities of democracy ........................................................

sharing constitution and Togo did not—Norris’s puzzle highlights the potential that different types of institutional arrangements can have for processes of democratization. Norris conceptualizes power-sharing and powerconcentrating regimes on the basis of four formal institutional features—the type of electoral system, the horizontal concentration of powers in the type of executive, the vertica...

Digital camera often produces undesired result when working under improper light condition. The details of dark regions are too obscure to be recognized, and it would not be a good picture that the photographers wish. To solve the problem, we enhance the image with two phases. First we enhance the image by adjusting the brightness of the image; second we enhance the major details and the detail...