Developmental axon pruning is widely used in constructing the nervous system. Accordingly, diverse mechanisms are likely employed for various forms of axon pruning. In the Drosophila mushroom bodies (MB), gamma neurons initially extend axon branches into both the dorsal and medial MB axon lobes in larvae. Through a well-orchestrated set of developmental events during metamorphosis, axon branche...

in arid and semi-arid environments, groundwater plays a significant role in the ecosystem. in the last decades, groundwater levels have decreased due to the increasing demand for water, weak irrigation management and soil damage. for the effective management of groundwater, it is important to model and predict fluctuations in groundwater levels. in this study, groundwater table in kashan plain ...

The cone axon is nearly four times thicker than the rod axon (1.6 vs 0.45 microns diameter). To assess how signal transfer and integration at the terminal depend on cable dimensions, a transducer (cone = ohmic conductance, rod = current source) coupled via passive cable to a sphere with a chloride conductance (representing GABAA receptor) was modelled. For a small signal in peripheral cone with...

Microtubule-associated protein 1 b (MAP1 b) is expressed at especially high levels in neurons actively extending axons, and although it appears to be required for axon growth, the nature of its role is unknown. We reasoned that a detailed description of the localization of MAP1 b in growing axons would help define how MAP1 b participates in axon growth. Therefore, we have stained cultured sympa...

Wiring of the nervous system requires that axons navigate to their targets and maintain their correct positions in axon fascicles after termination of axon outgrowth. We show here that the C. elegans fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR), EGL-15, affects both processes in fundamentally distinct manners. FGF-dependent activation of the EGL-15 tyrosine kinase and subsequently the GTPase LET-60...