Nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain-containing protein 1 (NOD1) and NOD2 are cytosolic pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) composed of an N-terminal caspase activation and recruitment domain (CARD), a central NACHT domain and C-terminal leucine-rich repeats (LRRs). They play a vital role in innate immune signaling by activating the NF-κB pathway via recognition of peptidoglycans by L...

BACKGROUND The quality of epilepsy care has often been noted to be poor and fragmentary. Most people with epilepsy are solely under the care of their general practitioner (GP). Many patients report medication side-effects and poor seizure control. Most GPs accept responsibility for epilepsy care; however, many report problems with knowledge of epilepsy and nearly all support guidance on epileps...

Direct recruitment and activation of caspase-9 by Apaf-1 through the homophilic CARD/CARD (Caspase Recruitment Domain) interaction is critical for the activation of caspases downstream of mitochondrial damage in apoptosis. Here we report the solution structure of the Apaf-1 CARD domain and its surface of interaction with caspase-9 CARD. Apaf-1 CARD consists of six tightly packed amphipathic alp...

Existing magnetic cards adopt plain text to store confidential information, thus being vulnerable to an untrusted credit card reader or a skimming device. To tackle the problem, researchers have proposed many solutions such as integrated circuit card (IC card) and mobile wallets applications [6, 9, 12, 20, 21]; however, none of them can support existing magnetic card readers thereby facing sign...

Aims: The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of spiritual well-being and demographic characteristics in signing the donor card. Instrument & Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Hamadan in 2018. Six hundred employees from 57 offices (out of 60) were selected using a random sampling method. Data gathering was carried out using a self-administered questionnaire. Th...

In this thesis we propose a design for a ubiquitous and interoperable device based on the smart card architecture to meet the challenges of privacy, trust, and security for traditional and emerging technologies like personal computers, smart phones and tablets. Such a device is referred a User Centric Tamper-Resistant Device (UCTD). To support the smart card architecture for the UCTD initiative...

Smart card Web server provides a modern interface between smart cards and the external world. It is of paramount importance that this new software component does not jeopardize the security of the smart card. This paper presents a formal model of the smart card Web server specification and the proof of its security properties. The formalization enables a thoughtful analysis of the specification...