the phenomenon of intertextuality is the important phenomena critique at contemporary critics. it is a common relationship between two texts or number of texts in an evoking manner. contemporary critics consider this phenomenon of different aspects such as sources, forms and species. religion and religious heritage of the most important sources that inspired poets and writers since ancient and ...

marriage among siblings has remained a controversial subject in the study of ancient iranian customs and rites, especially in regard to zoroastrianism. there have been endless debates on the existence of such a custom in ancient iran. what have largely remained unnoticed in such a study are the religious beliefs of the ancient iranians in the primitive forms of totemism. totemism is an ancient ...

Vitiligo is a common disorder of skin pigmentation. White spots of the skin are due to loss of melanocytes production (1). Multiple causes have been indicated for this issue by the researchers’ with the autoimmunity as the major one (2). The definitive treatment has not been provided so far. Over the past centuries, plants found in the natural habitat of Iran have thus played an important role ...

Gnostic prose works cover a wide range of subjects, contents, styles, structures, languages, and manners of expression. They might, therefore, be all categorized under one single literary genre. Applying the general term "gnostic prose works" to these oeuvres hinders our understanding of their true nature. Despite that many gnostic prose works belong to Gnosticism, they have special characteris...

The idea that the text changes, that people are consciously changing the text, and that such processes should be of interest to philology, runs counter to many earlier assumptions about the role of philology as a scientific method for establishing the 'original' text (Vickers 1984:4-5). [T]he kakawin poetry of ancient Java acquires its character as a meaningful literary text for present-day Bal...

This paper tackles the issue of women and religion through a particular looking glass: religious utterances such as curses, supplication, and prayer, as reflected in some passages from ancient Greek epic and tragedy—pivotal literary genres in the ideological discourse of the Greek polis.

This paper motivates and details the first implementation of a freely available part of speech tag set and tagger for Coptic. Coptic is the last phase of the Egyptian language family and a descendent of the hieroglyphs of ancient Egypt. Unlike classical Greek and Latin, few resources for digital and computational work have existed for ancient Egyptian language and literature until now. We evalu...

This paper motivates and details the first implementation of a freely available part of speech tag set and tagger for Coptic. Coptic is the last phase of the Egyptian language family and a descendant of the hieroglyphs of ancient Egypt. Unlike classical Greek and Latin, few resources for digital and computational work have existed for ancient Egyptian language and literature until now. We evalu...

Characters form the focus of various studies of literary works, including social network analysis, archetype induction, and plot comparison. The recent rise in the computational modelling of literary works has produced a proportional rise in the demand for character-annotated literary corpora. However, automatically identifying characters is an open problem and there is low availability of lite...