Linguistic utterances are full of errors and novel expressions, yet linguistic communication is remarkably robust. This paper presents a double-layered architecture for open-ended language processing, in which ‘diagnostics’ and ‘repairs’ operate on a meta-level for detecting and solving problems that may occur during habitual processing on a routine layer. Through concrete operational examples,...

This paper discusses the main characteristics of a possible unified framework for specifying annotation schemes dedicated to the task of reference identification and linking on linguistic corpora. Built upon the foundation principles of the Linguistic Annotation Framework, the model (RAF, Reference Annotation Framework) is based on the combination of a simple meta-model (expressing markables an...

Objectives: Word definition skill is a complex language ability in which meta-linguistic awareness and literacy skills play a critical role. The present study examined the development of word definition skills in Persian-speaking children aged 4.5 to 7.5 years, concerning content and form aspects. Methods: This was a cross-sectional and analytic-descriptive study. The study subjects were 107 c...

We assess the strength of the different conditions identified in the literature of robust mechanism design. We focus on three conditions: ex post incentive compatibility, robust monotonicity, and robust measurability. Ex post incentive compatibility has been shown to be necessary for any concept of robust implementation, while robust monotonicity and robust measurability have been shown to be n...

The discovery of frame-dragging effects in binary pulsar timing experiments requires a compact companion with sufficiently large spin. A pulsar orbiting a fast rotating black hole could provide an appropriate test system. In this paper we address questions concerning the identification of a black hole companion in such a system, the measurability of the frame dragging caused by the rotation of ...