viroids are smallest, single-stranded, circular, highly structured plant pathogenic rnas that do not code for any protein. viroids belong to two families, the avsunviroidae and the pospiviroidae. members of the pospiviroidae family adopt a rod-like secondary structure. in this study the most stable secondary structures of citrus viroid variants that reported from fars province were drawn. the m...

the recent studies point to this fact that modifying the people’s viewpoints on drugs fr om positive to negative can play an important role as a preventive step, because of a direct link that exists between attitude and getting involved with drugs. as an introductory, the youngesters’ viewpoints on drags has been brought into consideration to make possible such a planning. in this regard, 1403 ...

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background: frequent infections is among the most frequent clinical dilemmas for primary care physicians. immunodeficiency disorders are a heterogeneous group of illnesses that predispose patients to the recurrent infections, autoimmunity and malignancies. the aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical and laboratory data collected for the final diagnosis of patients referred with recurrent...

to investigation of secondary traumatic stress disorder in wives of iranian war veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder. 43 wives of iranian war veterans who had participated in iran-iraq war and were diagnosed with ptsd, voluntarily entered in this study. the veterans were treated by psychiatrists of veterans’ organization, tehran, iran. each woman completed a short questionnaire to deter...

objective: to study the in vitro color changes of three dental resin veneering materials when immersed in tea, coffee and tamarind extracts. materials and methods: the color changes of heat polymerized tooth colored acrylic resin (stellondetrey, b, f14, dpi dental products of india ltd, mumbai), auto polymerized tooth colored acrylic resin (dpi, b, qv5, dpi dental products of india ltd, mumbai)...

introduction: genetic and health factors along with ethnicity and geographic location are factors that affect the time of puberty onset. the aim of the present study was to evaluate the mean age of onset of puberty and its stages in boys of yazd. methods: this cross- sectional study with random clustering sampling method was conducted on 1018 healthy 9-16 years old male students of yazd. all ca...

introduction: osteodystrophy is one of the long term complications of chronic renal failure and is expressed in two formslow turn over and high turn over. it is an important cause of morbidity in patients with renal failure and if diagnosed and managed properly, many problems of these patients can be resolved. in this study we evaluated the prevalence of hyperparathyroidism in hemodialysis pati...

Let $R$ be a commutative ring with identity and let $M$ be an $R$-module. In this paper, we will introduce the secondary radical of a submodule $N$ of $M$ as the sum of all secondary submodules of $M$ contained in $N$, denoted by $sec^*(N)$, and explore the related properties. We will show that this class of modules contains the family of second radicals properly and can be regarded as a dual o...