• T ∼ 10−4 eV, t ∼ 1010 yr: today; baryons and the CMB are entirely decoupled, stars and galaxies have been around a long time, and clusters of galaxies (gravitationally bound systems of ∼ 1000s of galaxies) are becoming common. • T ∼ 10−3 eV, t ∼ 109 yr; the first stars and (small) galaxies begin to form. • T ∼ 10−1−2 eV, t ∼ millions of years: baryon drag ends; at earlier times, the baryons a...

The problem of initial singularity in cosmology, beyond the technical aspects, set the insurmountable limits of every description purely dynamics of the universe. In this brief note we present the main conceptual aspects of the Archaic Universe cosmological program. The adoption of a de Sitter prespace as a structure of the quantum vacuum allows you to rethink the problem of time in cosmology b...

A re we alone in the universe? How can we find out? What would happen if we made contact with extraterrestrial life forms, intelligent or otherwise? These questions have fascinated humans ever since we understood that there is a universe beyond our pale blue dot. As the British physicist and author Arthur C Clarke put it: “Two possibilities exist: either we are alone in the universe or we are n...

Introduction

Finite temperature effects are important to be considered in the early Universe. Given the fact that there is no direct evidence for the particle content in the early Universe beyond the Standard Model (SM) of electroweak scale ∼ 100 GeV, and in cosmology there is no direct evidence of thermal history beyond the era of Big Bang Nucleosynthesis (BBN) ∼ 1 MeV, it becomes a challenging problem und...

In this article, we follow a previously developed theoretical approach, based on the tools of singular semi-Riemannian geometry, to push limits time beyond primordial spacetime singularity. By complexifying Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker (FLRW) metric and Friedmann's equations, model branch cut universe, in which cosmic FLRW scale factor is analytically continued complex plane, becomes equ...

according to mulla sadra in his famous work, al-asfar , god’s pre-knowledge is a set of epistemic forms which are (1) inseparable from his essence, (2) uncreated, (3) beyond the universe, (4) devoid of real possibility, (5) eternal per se, and (6) extant by his extance. tabatabayi in nihayat al-hilmah believes that the term, “inseparable”, in (1) does not mean “out of essence”; otherwise, (1) w...