The emotion of pride has received complex and often opposing evaluations from scholars throughout history. On one hand, religious and philosophical thinkers have long decried the dangers of excessive pride, a view most famously put forth in the Biblical Proverb: "Pride goes before destruction, a haughty spirit before a fall."' This negative view of pride was widespread among early Christian thi...

Many studies exist on magmatic volatiles (H, C, N, F, S, Cl) in and on the Moon, within the last several years, that have cast into question the post-Apollo view of lunar formation, the distribution and sources of volatiles in the Earth-Moon system, and the thermal and magmatic evolution of the Moon. However, these recent observations are not the first data on lunar volatiles. When Apollo sampl...

Estimates of the chemical composition of the bulk (entire) Moon fall into two drastically different categories. One group of estimates claims that the Moon is enriched in refractory elements (those that boil at high temperatures, such as calcium and aluminum) by about 50% compared to Earth. The other group claims that the abundances of refractory elements are the same in the Earth and Moon. Two...

The optical properties of lunar softs are different than those of rocks from which they are derived. As a consequence of lunar space weathering, soils are darker and exhibit a distinctive red-sloped continuum and weaker mineral absorption bands. The accumulation of dark glass-welded aggregates (agglutinates) has been thought to account for these optical effects of space weathering on lunar soil...

A paradigm shift has recently occurred in our knowledge and understanding of water in the lunar interior. This has transpired principally through continued analysis of returned lunar samples using modern analytical instrumentation. While these recent studies have undoubtedly measured indigenous water in lunar samples they have also highlighted our current limitations and some future challenges ...

Preparations for lunar missions involve the extensive use of simulants of lunar surface materials. Since many planned operations engage the mechanical properties of the regolith, it is of utmost importance to assure that the simulants adequately represent the engineering properties of actual lunar materials. To address this critical issue, we are conducting an experimental and modeling effort t...

in religious thought, the miracle as a phenomenon is one of the most important reasons for proving prophethood. there are two broad views among islamic thinkers about the type of indications of miracles to prove prophethood. some consider the indications of miracles as rational ones. in contrast, some others hold that there is no logical connection between a miracle and its implied referent and...

It seems that the wind shear theory is accepted for the explanation of sporadic E at mid and low latitudes. Some examples from Arecibo are displayed to show this. The e€ect of lunar tides should then modify the wind-shear theory in a manner that yields the observed features of the lunar tide in the critical frequency foEs and the height h¢Es of the sporadic E. This is shown to imply that the ph...