All great ape species are endangered, and infectious diseases are thought to pose a particular threat to their survival. As great ape species vary substantially in social organisation and gregariousness, there are likely to be differences in susceptibility to disease types and spread. Understanding the relation between social variables and disease is therefore crucial for implementing effective...

BACKGROUND Several studies suggested great ape cultures, arguing that human cumulative culture presumably evolved from such a foundation. These focused on conspicuous behaviours, and showed rich geographic variation, which could not be attributed to known ecological or genetic differences. Although geographic variation within call types (accents) has previously been reported for orang-utans and...

Culture has long been assumed to be uniquely human but recent studies, in particular on great apes, have suggested that cultures also occur in non-human primates. The most apparent cultural behaviours in great apes involve tools in the subsistence context where they are clearly functional to obtain valued food. On the other hand, tool-use to modify acoustic communication has been reported only ...

Pigmentation is a readily scorable and quantitative human phenotype, making it an excellent model for studying multifactorial traits and diseases. Convergent human evolution from the ancestral state, darker skin, towards lighter skin colors involved divergent genetic mechanisms in people of European vs. East Asian ancestry. It is striking that the European mechanisms result in a 10-20-fold incr...

CdS nanoparticles are II-VI group semiconductor in nature with suitable band gap for photoluminescence and photo-catalyst applications. CdS nanostructures were synthesized via a facile precipitation method in the presence of green capping agents such as starch, glucose, gelatin, salicylic acid in the green solvent of water. The influence of concentration, surfactant, precipitating agent on the ...

Vocal fold control was critical to the evolution of spoken language, much as it today allows us to learn vowel systems. It has, however, never been demonstrated directly in a non-human primate, leading to the suggestion that it evolved in the human lineage after divergence from great apes. Here, we provide the first evidence for real-time, dynamic and interactive vocal fold control in a great a...

So far as the study of human and comparative anatomy is concerned the seventeenth century exhibited to a high degree what Cole has so felicitously called the development of craftsmanship. During this century anatomists in many parts of Europe searched for the smallest details of the anatomy of man and of animals. In this century, too, was developed the comparative approach to anatomy. The solid...

Human leucoqtle antigens (HI'A) kelas I baik group A maupun B telah diketahui mempunyai hubungan dengan beberapa penyakit kulit, di antaranya psoriasis, dermatitis herpetiformis Duhring, dan lupus erttumatosus. Pada penelitian terdahulu pruigo Hebra (PH) telah diketahui diturunlean secara genetik mengikuti pola penuntnan multifaktor. Selain itu penderttu pH -sangat sensitif terhadap gigitan nya...

Of the extant primates, only 20 non-human species have been studied by sleep scientists. Notable sampling gaps exist, including large-bodied hominoids such as gorillas (Gorilla gorilla), orangutans (Pongo spp.) and bonobos (Pan paniscus), for which data have been characterized as high priority. Here, we report the sleep architecture of three female and two male orang-utans housed at the Indiana...