The increase in trading frequency of Exchanged Traded Funds (ETFs) presents a positive externality for financial risk management when the price ETF is available at higher than component stocks. spillover consists improving accuracy pre-estimators integrated covariance stocks included ETF. proposed Beta Adjusted Covariance (BAC) equals pre-estimator plus minimal adjustment matrix such that covar...

Future, large-scale, exoplanet direct-imaging missions will be capable of discovering and characterizing Earth-like exoplanets. These mission designs can evaluated using completeness, the fraction planets from some population that are detectable by a telescope at an arbitrary observation time. However, original formulation completeness uses instrument visibility limits ignores additional integr...