The uncertainty which has characterised the financial crisis has encouraged renewed attention to uncertainty in economics. Yet, not only is uncertainty seen as unpalatable in financial markets and economic life more generally, it also poses challenges for economists to the extent that uncertainty is absent from most of mainstream theory. The purpose of this paper is to consider the reasons for ...

DISCLAIMER: To the extent permitted by law, this document is provided without any liability or warranty. Accordingly it is to be used only for the purposes specified and the reliability of any assessment or evaluation arising from it are matters for the independent judgment of users. This document is intended as a general guide only and users should seek professional advice as to their specific...

How can we make sense of the fact that we live in a world where good people co-exist in silence about widespread animal suffering. How is it that sites of suffering such as laboratories, factory farms, abattoirs and animal transportation are all around us and yet we 'do not, in a certain sense, know about them' [1]. This 'not knowing' is one of the most difficult barriers for animal activists w...

We discuss distributed denial of service attacks in the Internet. We were motivated by the widely known February 2000 distributed attacks on Yahoo!, Amazon.com, CNN.com, and other major Web sites. A denial of service is characterized by an explicit attempt by an attacker to prevent legitimate users from using resources. An attacker may attempt to: “flood” a network and thus reduce a legitimate ...

At least since Frege (1960) and Geach (1965), there has been some consensus about the relation between negation, the speech act of denial, and the attitude of rejection: a denial, the consensus has had it, is the assertion of a negation, and a rejection is a belief in a negation. Recently, though, there have been notable deviations from this orthodox view. Rejectivists have maintained that nega...

Ecology as a science today, mainly rejects anthropocentrism in favour of nonhuman-centred ethics. Such rejection is propagated proper valuing nature, while the human-centred eco-theories are considered to be theoretic basis for exploitation and destruction nature by humans. The main purpose some ecologic theories reduce growth human’s population because people’s existence, totally, seen cause e...