INTRODUCTION Deer have always been significant elements of aboriginal cultures in every part of the world where they occur, be it as source of food, hides, and/or medicines. Similarly, the representations of deer in cave paintings, their inclusion in heraldic shields of some countries, their appearance in folkloric legends and innumerable toponymies, illustrate the sociocultural significance of...

Abstract Since the 1950s musk deer (Moschidae) are kept in captivity for production of musk, a glandular secretion used Chinese traditional medicine and as an ingredient cosmetics. Most recently, forest (Moschus berezovskii) raised were reintroduced to augment depleted wild populations. The most prominent behavioral social characteristics anxiety, timid, solitary lifestyle territoriality, makin...