The mental foramen (MF) is an important anatomic landmark of the mandible, in which the somatic afferent sensory nerve of the mandibular nerve emerges as mental nerve and blood vessels. The identification and actual location of MF are important in order to avoid sensory dysfunction or paresthesia due to mental nerve injury. In the literature there are some rare reports on the anatomical variati...

Background A frequently used method to determine the anatomic femoral fixation point in the operating room during medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) reconstruction is the radiographic method. However, the ability of this radiological method to establish an anatomic femoral attachment point might not be as accurate as expected. Purpose (1) To evaluate the accuracy of the radiological method...

Post traumatic fractures involving the lower extremity are often difficult to manage because of the limited options for soft tissue coverage and the increased susceptibility for infection to ensue. One particular anatomic landmark that poses such difficulties is the distal tibia. Currently, there is very limited literature regarding a universal treatment protocol and outcomes related to such de...

The use of truncal nerve blocks has been described since 2001. Since then, there have been many studies trying to understand the ideal clinical scenarios for its use. Since 2001, the transversus abdominis plane block has evolved in many ways including from landmark based technique to ultrasound guided and more recently, into the quadratus lumborum (QL) block. Its anatomical placement, concentra...

Computerized cephalometric analysis currently requires manual identification of landmark locations. This process is time-consuming and limited in accuracy. The purpose of this study was to develop and test a novel method for automatic computer identification of cephalometric landmarks. Spatial spectroscopy (SS) is a computerized method that identifies image structure on the basis of a convoluti...

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM The importance of the midline is well known to dentists. Currently, there are no verifiable guidelines that direct the choice of specific anatomic landmarks to determine the midline of the face or midline of the mouth. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to determine the hierarchy of facial anatomic landmarks closest to the midline of the face as well as midline of the ...